during which phase would hard coding occur?during which phase would hard coding occur?

Classification accuracy was defined as the average proportion of correctly classified HFA events across folds. Youve grown to understand your users and their needs in the Empathize stage, and youve analyzed your observations in the Define stage to create a user centric problem statement. The functional role of cross-frequency coupling. Prototype: the fourth phase of design thinking, where you identify the best possible solution. Scheduling Registration Admission Which of the following would be associated with the Accounts Receivable phase? Specifically, in developing a category decoder, the large number of stimulus repetitions limits insight, given the similarity between any training and test set. Lakatos P, Shah AS, Knuth KH, Ulbert I, Karmos G, Schroeder CE. In practice the results of one activity can feed the other in an iterative process. Cohesin is retained, however, at the most constricted part of the chromosome, the centromere (Figure 9). This page has been archived and is no longer updated. To link these findings more directly to neural coding, we used pattern classification to determine if the phase at which HFA events occur is sufficient to recover categorical information (see Materials and methods). http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.07886.017. For this reason, the enzyme complexes that copy DNA have the greatest access to chromosomal DNA during interphase, at which time the vast majority of gene transcription occurs. (H) Distribution of modulated frequencies across electrodes. 1) Are there spatial clusters among the electrodes that have phase coding for each of the different categories (c.f. 3) For these phase plots, it would be nice to see the true number of high frequency activity events within each phase bin. In this stage, you will start to progress to the third stage, the ideation phase, where you ask questions to help you look for solutions: How might we encourage teenage girls to perform an action that benefits them and also involves your companys food-related product or service? for instance. DOI: The reviewers have discussed their reviews with one another and the Reviewing Editor has drafted this decision to help you prepare a revised submission. Select all that apply. We agree with the reviewer that the repetition of each exemplar (4 exemplars from 4 categories; 16 total images repeated 30 times each) limits the generalizability of our findings to other stimuli within these categories. PAC has typically been investigated using pre-defined low and high-frequency filters which may optimize statistical power for detecting PAC but do not adequately deal with the time-resolved nature of cognition (Aru et al., 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.07886.020. We view this as a fruitful avenue for future study, and have added text to this effect in the Discussion: Similarly, our results showing PAC at a variety of phases and frequencies (Maris et al., 2011; van der Meij et al., 2012), particularly near 32 Hz, might reflect a form of nested coupling (Kopell et al., 2010) distinct from broadband high gamma, which has been suggested to reflect population spiking (Manning et al., 2009; Miller et al., 2014). See full answer below. Reach us at hello@interaction-design.org Figure 3figure supplement 1 shows the proportion of electrodes showing category specific phase-clustering for each category. We believe a full characterization of these effects is beyond the scope of this manuscript. A schematic for OTC and DS would be preferable. On a related note, I found the reporting of the basic decoding results unclear (is the decoder working above expected chance levels? Both things could possibly lead to spurious findings. Test Case Requirements Traceability Matrix [RTM] Test strategy Project Initiation Note [PIN] Show Answer Workspace 3) Which term is used to define testing? The study was conducted according to the latest version of the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the ethical committee of the medical faculty at the University of Bonn (approval identifier 280/08). 4) With regards to electrode choice, the rationale for only using electrodes in the contralateral hemisphere is unclear. We focus on the five-stage design thinking model proposed by the Hasso Plattner Institute of Design at Stanford (the d.school) because they are world-renowned for the way they teach and apply design thinking. PAC is evident as red and blue vertical striping, with maximal modulation of activity at 84 Hz (Figure 2B; HFA event marked by arrow in Figure 2C) occurring near the trough of the 2.5 Hz oscillation (see also Figure 2D). Figure 3A). Our analysis did not include HFA events detected near the concatenation border and thus we observed similar results when calculating OTC on unepoched or epoched but concatenated data (example taken from Figure 2figure supplement 1 Patient #4, Results). We analyzed an average of 103 trials per category and subject and there were no differences in total number of trials analyzed across categories (F(3,20) = 0.38, p = 0.76). 2) Task/decoding: In their task, the authors present only four exemplars for each category, repeating each 33 times (if I understand correctly). biology. Each type of permutation test was performed 50 times, resulting in a distribution of pseudo classification accuracy values for each test. Download our free ebook The Basics of User Experience Design Although some reports indicate that information might be represented between electrode sites (Canolty et al., 2010 PNAS; Majima et al., 2014 Neuroimage), we believe this is the most straightforward way to understand phase coding. Lopour B, Tavassoli A, Fried I, Ringach D. Coding of information in the phase of local field potentials within human medial temporal lobe. (C) Mapping of significant electrodes (PAC z-score >1.65) using the MI (left) with different low-frequency coupling bands. 2 Your Choice Claims Processing 1 point During which phase would hard coding occur? 1Department of Epileptology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany, 2Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands, 3German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, Germany, 4Department of Neuropsychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany. When should demographic data be collected and verified? This takes place every two weeks at the time of a new moon or full moon. 3 Your Choices Scheduling Registration Admission 1 point When should demographic data be collected and verified? Nonetheless, on individual electrodes or for individual categories, HFA could occur at different phases. The site is secure. Transcription begins when RNA polymerase binds to a promoter sequence near the beginning of a gene (directly or through helper proteins). We next calculated the average phase difference between categories, expecting this measure to increase with increasing DS. Miller KJ, Honey CJ, Hermes D, Rao R, denNijs M, Ojemann JG. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 7, 311322 (2002) doi:10.1038/nrm1909 (link to article), Mitchison, T. J., & Salmon, E. D. Mitosis: A history of division. Select all that apply. Magenta trace shows percentage of gamma events as a function of time, averaged across electrodes and categories. Operations and Maintenance. For the most part, only cells that have successfully copied their DNA will proceed into mitosis. Crone NE, Miglioretti DL, Gordon B, Lesser RP. http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.07886.013. We instructed patients to keep their eyes on the fixation cross between stimuli in order to minimize any effects associated with eye movements. Regarding the medical justification, surgeons typically implant electrodes bilaterally when there is uncertainty regarding the seizure onset zone. We therefore recalculated phase-clustering and DS at the minimum modulatory frequency (FMIN; see Materials and methods and Figure 4figure supplement 1 for individual subject values) using the same criteria detailed above. These results provide evidence for categorical phase-coded neural representations and are the first to show that PAC coincides with phase-dependent coding in the human brain. functional baseline: established after the conceptual design phase. In their study, Watrous et al. The development of a SOW does not occur during a specific phase of SDLC but is developed to include the work from the SDLC process that may be conducted by contractors.[20]. Please refer to the attachment to answer this question. Figure 2H, In order to establish PAC as a putative mechanism, one needs to rule out that neither HFA nor low frequency phase/power alone can explain the findings. Claims Processing Reconciliation Charge Posting Collections Jacobs J, Kahana M, Ekstrom A, Fried I. This is one of the main benefits of the five-stage model. During mitosis, chromosomes become attached to the structure known as the mitotic spindle. Brainstorm and Worst Possible Idea techniques are typically used at the start of the ideation stage to stimulate free thinking and expand the problem space. This approach would focus more on extracting single trial features and testing similarity across repeated trials (I note issues of repetition suppression come into play here). http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.07886.014. Most PAC occurred around 1 Hz. 2) There appears to be a disproportionate PAC effect at 0.5Hz and 1.0Hz, but with surprising specificity, and not between those two frequencies as seen in Figure 4figure supplement 1. Heap overflow C.) Race conditions values per subject should be reported. Notably, PAC was visible in the raw trace (Figure 2C), the modulatory signal showed rhythmicity (Figure 2D), and there was a clear peak in the power spectrum of both the raw signal and the modulatory signal (Figure 2E, see Figure 2figure supplement 1 for more examples). All analyses were conducted using standard routines in EEGLab (Delorme and Makeig, 2004) and Matlab based on previously published algorithms (Rizzuto et al., 2006; Berens, 2009; Tort et al., 2009; Dvorak and Fenton, 2014). Create your account. [] Follow-up studies should test the generalizability of these findings using more exemplars within a category and using other categories.. Ekstrom A, Viskontas I, Kahana M, Jacobs J, Upchurch K, Bookheimer S, Fried I. The maximum (FMAX) and minimum (FMIN) of this FFT output indicate the strongest and weakest slow-modulating frequencies in the 0.512 Hz band, respectively. Given the authors aims, it seems that a better use of the data would be quantifying the consistency of phase-coding metrics across repetitions of stimuli, as well as within/between class comparison. Freudenburg ZV, Gaona CM, Sharma M, Bundy DT, Breshears JD, Pless RB, Leuthardt EC. There are hundreds of ideation techniques you can usesuch as Brainstorm, Brainwrite, Worst Possible Idea and SCAMPER. Figure 2figure supplement 1, the authors show low gamma PAC and high gamma PAC. This step involves decomposing the system into pieces, analyzing project goals, breaking down what needs to be created, and engaging users to define requirements. During the second part of anaphase, the spindle poles separate as the non-kinetochore microtubules move past each other. The paper would benefit from a causal approach. Watrous AJ, Fell J, Ekstrom AD, Axmacher N. More than spikes: common oscillatory mechanisms for content specific neural representations during perception and memory. Transcription ends in a process called termination. Architecture, and business architecture, and relies heavily on concepts such as partitioning, interfaces, personae and roles, and deployment/operational modeling to arrive at a high-level system description. These considerations led us to use wavelets because they were used in the original implementation of OTC by Dvorak and Fenton. Example One: First, let's look at a . Prometaphase is an extremely dynamic part of the cell cycle. As seen in Author response image 2, we neither observed significant spatial clustering nor significantly spatially diffuse electrode configurations (dark blue bars between the 5th and 95th percentile of simulated inter-electrode distances). To this end, we tested each category separately for phase clustering of HFA events at the electrode-specific peak modulatory frequency (FMAX). 19 (11%) electrodes showed significantly higher decoding accuracy during HFA events as compared to random event surrogates, and this proportion was significantly higher than would be expected by chance (p < 0.0003, binomial test, chance = 8.3 electrodes, Cohen's d = 0.22). and transmitted securely. (D) Proportion of electrodes in each patient showing category specific phase-clustered HFA. Again, this shows that PAC-based decoding cannot be explained only by phase-locking. Therefore, to the extent that HFA reflects increases in local neuronal activity (Crone et al., 1998; Miller et al., 2014), our results suggest that neural representations for categories might occur by the phase at which neurons fire. During the analysis phase, a programmer develops written requirements and a formal vision document via interviews with stakeholders. Notably, this method maintains the distribution of HFA and non-HFA window durations while shuffling these windows relative to the phase series. Thut et al., 2011). MEDITECH Expanse Acute - Learning tools, flashcards, and textbook solutions The signal is color-coded by the phase of 1 Hz oscillation only during the stimulus period. Each image was presented in pseudo-random order for one second with a jittered inter-stimulus interval. Phase-coding, in the form of phase-modulated neuronal firing, has been identified in rodents, monkeys, and humans (O'Keefe and Recce, 1993; Skaggs et al., 1996; Jacobs et al., 2007; Kayser et al., 2009; Rutishauser et al., 2010). Next, the PAC metric allows for assessment of the modulatory signal. This is typically theta band activity, in large part motivated by findings in rodents. Baselines[clarification needed] are established after four of the five phases of the SDLC, and are critical to the iterative nature of the model. This is known as a Neap tide. Maintenance includes changes, fixes, and enhancements. This article has been posted to your Facebook page via Scitable LearnCast. Furthermore, our new results on difference scores based on low-frequency power and low-frequency phase (see Figure 3figure supplement 1 and Figure 3figure supplement 2) show independent decoding from phase and power, speaking against the idea that these two metrics are strongly inter-related. Schyns P, Thut G, Gross J. Cracking the code of oscillatory activity. Our permutation testing is therefore appropriate. Phase coded representations were equally likely to occur at each phase. Follow-up studies should test the generalizability of these findings using more exemplars within a category and using other categories. 3) Are there still significant differences between categories? FMAX [2] There are usually six stages in this cycle: requirement analysis, design, development and testing, implementation, documentation, and evaluation. First, we randomized the category labels associated with HFA events and assessed classification accuracy. An oscillatory hierarchy controlling neuronal excitability and stimulus processing in the auditory cortex. Kayser C, Ince RA, Panzeri S. Analysis of slow (theta) oscillations as a potential temporal reference frame for information coding in sensory cortices. Further inspection of PAC revealed that category specific HFA modulations occurred at different phases and frequencies of the underlying low-frequency rhythm, permitting decoding of categorical information using the phase at which HFA events occurred. Recent evidence suggests that the closest analog to rodent theta is in fact human delta oscillations (Watrous et al., 2013; Hippocampus; Jacobs et al., 2014, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B). DOI: Human neuronal firing (Ekstrom et al., 2007; Kraskov et al., 2007; Chan et al., 2011; Rey et al., 2014) and increases in high-frequency activity (HFA) in the gamma range (above 30 Hz; Jacobs and Kahana, 2009; Jacobs et al., 2012; van Gerven et al., 2013) carry information about perceptual and mnemonic representations. This analysis revealed significant clustering for all four categories on 87% (63/72) of PAC+ electrodes (Rayleigh test p < 0.00004, Bonferroni-corrected p < 0.01 for PAC+ electrodes and categories). The design stage takes as its input the requirements already defined. The detail design and development is responsible for producing the product, process and material specifications and may result in substantial changes to the development specification. We classified the category label associated with each HFA event and the number of HFA events per category varied across electrodes. SDLC Explained Written by Coursera Updated on Jun 16, 2023 Learn what the seven stages of SDLC are and how they help developers bring new software products to life. Daitch AL, Sharma M, Roland JL, Astafiev SV, Bundy DT, Gaona CM, Snyder AZ, Shulman GL, Leuthardt EC, Corbetta M. Frequency-specific mechanism links human brain networks for spatial attention. A systems development life cycle is composed of distinct work phases that are used by systems engineers and systems developers to deliver information systems. Lets dive into each stage of the design thinking process. A third possibility, more likely in our view based on our results indicating multiple modulating frequencies per electrode (Figure 2G), is that the timing of our task (1 image per second with a jittered inter-stimulus interval) partially entrained slow oscillations forming an oscillatory hierarchy (Lakatos et al., 2005). As a means of quantifying phase-coding, the authors focus on phase-amplitude coupling (PAC) in the cortical surface potential, specifically low frequency phase modulation of high-frequency amplitude (HFA). In total, 167 implanted electrode contacts were analyzed across all patients (Video 2). PAC+ electrodes were identified as electrodes (1) with a modulation strength z-score >4.35 for at least one gamma frequency and (2) with a clear peak in the power spectrum of the raw signal at Fphase (Aru et al., 2015). Question 2 1 / 1 point During which phase would hard coding occur? [citation needed] Anamorphic development is guided by project scope and adaptive iterations. (B) Another example of delta band PAC coupling, taken from the frontal lobe of patient #5. The anatomical locations of contacts were then identified by comparison with standardized anatomical atlases and using custom software (published at http://pylocator.thorstenkranz.de/). Accessibility Like cohesin, condensin is an elongated complex of several proteins that binds and encircles DNA. [9], The oldest and best known is the waterfall model, which uses a linear sequence of steps. Mormann F, Kornblith S, Quiroga RQ, Kraskov A, Cerf M, Fried I, Koch C. Latency and selectivity of single neurons indicate hierarchical processing in the human medial temporal lobe. You want to gain an empathic understanding of the problem you are trying to solve. We tested this by calculating the average inter-electrode distance between each pairwise combination of electrodes that were selective for a specific category, and compared this to a matched number of randomly drawn electrodes (with replacement). Scrutinize existing system(s): Identify pros and cons. O'Keefe J, Recce ML. The authors provide a clear motivation, and employ sophisticated analysis methods towards this endeavor. Let's assume that an attacker is about to hack a websites' contacts. New research suggests this may occur even when the baseline frequency is highly irregular, as seen in bats and humans. This becomes apparent in our alternative metric (see response to concern #2). Extracting the peak modulatory signal from B (84 Hz) reveals the phase (D, HFA events occur at the trough at time 0), strength (D, peak-to-trough height) and frequency (E; green) of the modulation. Importantly, our PAC results were strongest in the delta band using both OTC and MI methods (Tort et al., 2009, PNAS) and thus do support some level of visual entrainment to stimulus presentation as described in the Discussion. Watrous et al. Resolving human object recognition in space and time. Voytek B, Kayser AS, Badre D, Fegen D, Chang EF, Crone NE, Parvizi J, Knight RT, D'Esposito M. Oscillatory dynamics coordinating human frontal networks in support of goal maintenance. This high-level description is then broken down into the components and modules which can be analyzed, designed, and constructed separately and integrated to accomplish the business goal. During which phase would hard coding occur? Additionally, we'll mention three other intermediary stages (interphase, prometaphase, and cytokinesis) that play a role in mitosis. Images were presented in pseudo-random order, not in chunks. Nature Reviews Genetics 4, 520534 (2003) doi:10.1038/nrg1110 (link to article), Hirano, T. At the heart of the chromosome: SMC proteins in action. We thank the reviewer for this point and have added the following paragraph to the Discussion: Intriguingly, phase-coding of categorical information extended beyond brain areas associated with higher-order vision. Reinstatement of distributed cortical oscillations occurs with precise spatiotemporal dynamics during successful memory retrieval. This phenomenon of phase-amplitude coupling (PAC) is often interpreted as reflecting phase coding of neural representations, although evidence for this link is still lacking in humans. [8], The structured systems analysis and design method (SSADM) was produced for the UK government Office of Government Commerce in the 1980s. Select all that apply. We have added to this effect in the Methods section: Chance classification performance varies across electrodes because we classified the category label associated with each HFA event and the number of HFA events per category varied across electrodes. [10] Waterfall has different varieties. Whittingstall K, Logothetis NK. Amplitude describes the height of a wave's peaks (and the depth of its troughs), and frequency defines how many waves are produced per second. Surrogate modulation strengths were extracted and used to z-score the observed modulation strength. All of the reviewers felt the paper was strong, but there were several concerns that need to be addressed: Watrous et al. In order to establish PAC as a putative mechanism, one needs to rule out that neither HFA nor low frequency phase/power alone can explain the findings. Below, the raw trace and filtered trace (at the peak modulated frequency) are plotted for an example trial. Womelsdorf T, Valiante TA, Sahin NT, Miller KJ, Tiesinga P. Dynamic circuit motifs underlying rhythmic gain countrol, gating and integration. Preliminary assessments and actions . Dvorak D, Fenton AA. II. The five stages of design thinking, according to the d.school, are: Define: state your users' needs and problems. DSs are plotted for each category in the lower panel. When should demographic data be collected and verified? Boveri observed that the centrioles duplicate before the chromosomes become visible and that the two pairs of centrioles move to separate poles before the spindle assembles. http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.07886.021. that a transient ERP contaminates the pre-stimulus phase estimates by backward smearing. Recording sites across subjects come from a wide variety of regions; this strikes me as a challenge when interpreting the specific coding of visual categories. especially as it relates from hard sciences to social sciences. Additionally, as companies grow, they'll begin to open new distribution channels and add more features and support services. We calculated the resultant vector length for each category, summed these values across categories, and divided by the maximum value of 4. A feasibility study determines whether creating a new or improved system is appropriate. Taken together, these results support the conclusion that HFA at distinct phases and frequencies reflect representations for different categories. Created by Jennifer_Leth Terms in this set (76) Identify the type of attack that occurs when the outcome from execution process are directly dependent on the order and timing of certain events, and those events fail to execute in the order and timing intended by the developer.\ A.) This approach is supported by the correlation between HFA and local population spiking, and previous evidence of phase modulation of HFA. Select all. PR values were also extracted during non-HFA windows as a second control condition. Our analyses were in fact based on the extraction of single-trial features. Consistent with our primary results, PAC was most prominent in the delta band using these methods. On the other hand, categorical information may be represented by specific low-frequency phases independent of HFA, leading to DS without phase-clustering across HFA events (PAC; Figure 1B, right). In this study, it was no real option for us to use different electrodes because a main aim was to first assess PAC, which has primarily been characterized as a local phenomenon. In each panel, the oscillatory triggered comodulogram shows the phase coupling profile across frequencies and the modulation strength is shown relative to 100 surrogates at each frequency. We agree that our results might imply several different coupling modes, perhaps with different forms of narrowband (low frequency) or broadband (higher frequency) gamma. Empathize: the first phase of design thinking, where you gain real insight into users and their needs.