when was canterbury cathedral built

There are fourteen bells a ring of twelve with two semitones, which allow for ringing on ten, eight or six bells while still remaining in tune. The cathedrals of Durham and Canterbury are good examples of two key medieval sites that competed with each other to keep pilgrims and their money flowing through their doors. The north transept apse was replaced by a Lady Chapel, built-in 14481455. People would have congregated there, bartering would have taken place, people would be sleeping and resting. At Canterbury, pilgrims could purchase pewter flasks of holy water mixed with the blood of Thomas Becket, collected from his wound as he lay dying. Some of the houses of the Huguenot refugees still stand along the Stour. From Neolithic settlements in the Scottish wilderness to ruined abbeys and vast palaces, we're spoiled for choice. A walk around the cloisters at Canterbury reveals medieval graffiti and damage to its walls where eager pilgrims have chipped away at the stone. [43] Inside, though, the thick stone walls, transported from quarries in and around the town of Caen in Normandy, offer little warmth. The girls are aged 12 to 18. The old pilgrimage route to the cathedral runs along the High Street and Mercery Lane to the splendid 16th-century Christ Church Gate. It was key to the evangelisation of the country, first by the Church of Rome and, later, also that of England. The cathedral is therefore largely self-funded. A key event occurred in the cathedral in 1170 with the murder of Archbishop Thomas Becket by four knights who thought they were acting on a hint from King Henry II. The cathedral may have had an organ as early as the 12th century,[76] though the names of organists are only recorded from the early 15th century. A sword stroke was so violent that it sliced the crown off his skull and shattered the blades tip on the pavement. Beneath the dormitory, overlooking the green court or herbarium, lay the "pisalis" or "calefactory", the common room of the monks. They also work with Kent Police. At about the same time that the westwork was built, the arcade walls were strengthened and towers added to the eastern corners of the church. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Only four copies of the 1215 Magna Carta survive to this day, including one held at the British Library which has been identified as the copy originally kept at Canterbury Cathedral. "Its the history. In addition, specialist cleaning techniques are used to remove accumulated chemical deposits which are very damaging to the building. At the greatest possible distance from the church, beyond the precinct of the monastery, was the eleemosynary department. The cathedral itself has many beautiful stained glass windows, some dating as far back as the 12th century. Construction and redevelopment projects were, more often than not, ongoing. [24] A further chapel, circular in plan, was added beyond that, which housed further relics of Becket,[24] widely believed to have included the top of his skull, struck off in the course of his assassination. Outside the cloisters may be explored, as well as the Cathedrals picturesque gardens. Daily Eucharist 08:00Lunchtime Eucharist 12:30 (Wednesdays and Feast Days only)Daily Choral Evensong* 17:30Sunday Choral Eucharist* 11:00All are welcome and there is no charge to attend a service. [48], The original towers of Christ Church Gate were removed in 1803 and were replaced in 1937. In the late 6th century Canterbury was the capital of Aethelberht I, king of Kent, whose marriage to a ChristianBertha, daughter of the Frankish king Charibert probably influenced him in favour of the mission of St. Augustine of Canterbury, who arrived on the Isle of Thanet in 597 and was given St. Martin's, the queen's parish church. It appears to have had a square central tower. [40], From the late 14th century the nave and transepts were rebuilt, on the Norman foundations in the Perpendicular style under the direction of the noted master mason Henry Yevele. An influx of Huguenot and Walloon refugees (mostly weavers) revived the town. After playing a pivotal role in The Battle of Jutland - the greatest naval engagement of the First World War - she was sold for breaking up, but her spirit lives on through the ships bell that can still be seen at Canterbury Cathedral. This was later rededicated to St Augustine himself and was for many centuries the burial place of the successive archbishops. There were a number of skilled stone masons and master masons at work in the 12th century, says Wells. [34] A detailed description of the plan can be found in the classic paper by Willis. Area city (local authority), 119 square miles (309 square km). Children go FREE when accompanied by a paying adult. Its perfect for when you are unable to be here in person. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. In Norman times, the community of Canterbury Cathedral became a Benedictine monastery, and in 1070 was completely rebuilt following a fire. There are currently 53 statues representing various figures who have been influential in the life of the cathedral and the English church such as clergy, members of the royal family, saints, and theologians. Christ Church Cathedral Canterbury in Kent, South East England, a breath-taking mixture of Romanesque and Gothic architecture, has been the seat of the spiritual head of the Church of England for nearly five centuries. Christianity in Britain is referred to by Tertullian as early as 208 AD[3] and Origen mentions it in 238 AD. This revenue included the profits from the sale of pilgrim badges depicting Becket, his martyrdom, or his shrine. [79], Organists and assistant organists at Canterbury Cathedral have included composers Clement Charlton Palmer, Gerald Hocken Knight and Philip Moore and musical directors Allan Wicks and Stephen Darlington. The old pilgrimage route to the cathedral runs along the High Street and Mercery Lane to the splendid 16th-century Christ Church Gate. [56], In 2015, Sarah Mullally and Rachel Treweek became the first women to be ordained as bishops in the cathedral, as Bishop of Crediton and Bishop of Gloucester respectively. [55] Antony Gormley's sculpture Transport was unveiled in the crypt in 2011. After the murder (1170) of Archbishop Thomas Becket in the cathedral and Henry IIs penance there in 1174, Beckets shrine attracted many pilgrims. [57] In 2022, it was announced that David Monteith, who is openly gay and in a civil partnership, would serve as Dean of the Cathedral. The five-quarter chimes were taken from the old peal of twelve in the Oxford Tower (where the clock was originally), and hung from beams in the Arundel Tower. The Black Prince died before he could become king, and Edward III and the whole court attended his funeral along with Edward of Woodstocks son, the future King Richard II. It was built in stone by the Normans The Canterbury was built by the Normans. Updates? One of the first cathedral architects to be known by name was William of Sens. By adding my email I confirm my subscription to the newsletter and understand that the email address provided will be held by the Cathedral and the email service company (dotdigital) to use for distributing this newsletter only. Towering cathedrals, ancient Roman wall art, huge wartime forts and Charles Darwin's house are just a few of the historic attractions that Kent has to offer. Not just the tombs and memorials, but the markings of builders, staff and visitors. Either way, Canterbury was therefore a relative latecomer to English Christianity. Canterbury Cathedrals role as one of the worlds most important pilgrimage centresis inextricably linked to the murderof its most famous Archbishop, Thomas Becket, on 29 December 1170. There are several public car parks nearby. There has been a cathedral at Canterbury since 597 when St. Augustine baptised the Saxon king Ethelbert. (2001) town, 43,552; city (local authority), 135,278; (2011) town, 54,880; city (local authority), 151,145. On Saturday and Sunday, there is evensong at 3:15 pm or 5:30pm and Eucharist on Sunday at 11 am. King Henry VIII allegedly summoned the dead saint to court to face charges of treason. Adjoining it, on the north side, stood the cloister and the buildings devoted to the monastic life. The cathedral itself has many beautiful stained glass windows, some dating as far back as the 12th century. [86] They now share their duties equally with the boys of the choir and sometimes work together. [8], The cathedral was destroyed by fire in 1067, a year after the Norman Conquest. Following the murder of Archbishop Thomas Becket in 1170 AD and his subsequent canonisation it became a place of pilgrimage. [63], During the autumn of 2008, a major restoration of the lead roof over the transept was completed at a cost of approximately 500,000. Words: Charlotte Hodgman, This article was first published in the Christmas 2018 edition of BBC History Magazine, LAST CHANCE to claim your book of choice + FREE access to HistoryExtra.com when you subscribe to BBC History Magazine or BBC History Revealed. A rare copy of Shakespeares Second Folio, printed in 1632 at the cost of 1, is held by Canterbury Cathedral Library. It was dedicated in 1077. Omissions? [16] Following the election of Prior Ernulf in 1096, Lanfranc's inadequate east end was demolished, and replaced with an eastern arm 198 feet long, doubling the length of the cathedral. Trinity and Corona Chapels added (all as seen today) 1220 Canterbury surrendered in March 1539, and reverted to its previous status of 'a college of secular canons'. Hundreds of history documentaries, ad free podcasts and subscriber rewards. Following his injury in a fall from the scaffolding in 1179 he was replaced by one of his former assistants, known as William the Englishman.[24]. The Norman Archbishop Lanfranc began to rebuild the church in 1070. There would even have been dogs running around. History Hit brings you the stories that shaped the world through our award winning podcast network and an online history channel. Work on the chapel was completed in 1184,[24] but Becket's remains were not moved from his tomb in the crypt until 1220. The Civil War caused yet more damage as Puritan iconoclasts sought to cleanse cathedrals of popery, destroying stained glass, statues and objects of beauty. It is made from iron nails from the roof of the south-east transept. When, after a long-lasting dispute, King Henry II is said to have exclaimed Who will rid me of this turbulent priest?, four knights set off for Canterbury and murdered Thomas in his own cathedral. The medieval cathedrals of England, which date from between approximately 1040 and 1540, are a group of twenty-six buildings that constitute a major aspect of the country's artistic heritage and are among the most significant material symbols of Christianity. How could I not? But his plans were followed by his successor, the architect and stonemason William the Englishman. Exhibitions: the Church, State & conflict. Polyphonic music written for the monks of Christ Church Priory, now Canterbury Cathedral, survives from the 13th century. Sunday 11.30* - 17.00 (last admission at 16.00)*Between 11.30-12.30, access is available to the Cathedral ground and Shop only. The shrine to St Thomas Becket was destroyed on the orders of Henry VIII and the relics lost. The Incredible Story of William J. Bankes - Adventurer, Collector, Spy, A Tudor Discovery Thomas Cromwells Prayer Book, The Lost Sailors - Solving a World War II Mystery, Castles That Made Britain Ludlow Castle, Cecilia Payne: The Trailblazing Astronomer Who Unraveled the Universe, Heirs of Spartocus: How the Bosporan Kingdom Became the Jewel of the Black Sea, 10 Facts About the Battle of Normandy Following D-Day, How the Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand Unfolded, Historical Trips - Book your next historical adventure, 10 Best Ancient and Archaeological Sites in Crete, 10 Facts About Mary Shelley: The Woman Behind Frankenstein. [37] The monastery was granted the right to elect their own prior if the seat was vacant by the pope, and from Gregory IX onwards the right to a free election (though with the archbishop overseeing their choice). A smaller subsidiary building was found to the south-west of these foundations. The alterations to architecture show the development of the church, the masons marks show where they laboured, and the markings made by visitors, scratches of medieval graffiti, give some insight to those that have walked this way before, leaving an anonymous notation in history. Whether this is true has not yet been established. Today Canterbury Cathedral is a UNESCO World Heritage site, with some of its oldest parts such as its crypt dating back to the 12th century. Crypt, Canterbury Cathedral (12th century), England. Edward I also married his second wife, Margaret of France, in the Cathedral in 1299. Explore the complex, and often violent, story of Church-State relations through the centuries. The last quinquennial structural review[62] revealed that a combination of centuries of weathering, pollution and constant use had taken its toll on the ancient building and some serious problems were in need of urgent action. Keates, Jonathan & Hornak, Angelo (2013), Rudolph, Conrad, "The Parabolic Discourse Window and the Canterbury Roll: Social Change and the Assertion of Elite Status at Canterbury Cathedral,", Sparks, Margaret & Brayshaw, Karen (2011), This page was last edited on 23 June 2023, at 12:18. Settling in Canterbury, he soon established a seat or cathedra there within the Roman walls, marking the beginning of Canterbury Cathedral. In the 1382 Dover Straits earthquake the campanile fell, destroying the first three named bells. The church was damaged by Danish raids in 1011 and nearly destroyed by fire in 1067. A century later in1170, Canterbury Cathedral became the site of an infamous crime the murder and martyrdom of Archbishop Thomas Becket. The statue of Christ was replaced in 1990 with a bronze sculpture of Christ by Klaus Ringwald.[46]. This article was most recently revised and updated by. The single biggest challenge is the roof. Parking in the Cathedral grounds is only available for Blue Badge holders, subject to limited availability and prior arrangement. Canterbury Cathedral has been built, rebuilt, changed and adapted over hundreds of years. [66] The so-called Canterbury Journey project[67] was expected to cost nearly 25 million; the funding included a 13.8 million Heritage Lottery grant, 10.9 million from the Canterbury Cathedral Trust and 250,000 from the Friends of the Cathedral.[65]. From a pilgrims perspective, the greater the number of saints associated with a cathedral, the more likely their prayers would be answered. [42][8] More Norman fabric was retained in the transepts, especially in the east walls,[42] and the old apsidal chapels were not replaced until the mid-15th century. A memorial to Thomas Becket is marked by a striking sculpture of two daggers descending downwards, with their shadows making up the four blades used to attack the Archbishop. Ruins of the monastery built by Augustine still remain and he founded the first cathedral in England where the present magnificent building now stands. Revisiting Cleopatra: Screen Portrayals of the Iconic Pharaoh, Fanny Mendelssohn: A Musical Prodigy and Forgotten Legacy, Anne Bront: The Forgotten Sister Who Made a Mark on Victorian Literature, 10 Facts About Cecil B. DeMille: A Pioneer of Hollywoods Golden Age. This Bible, subsequently renamed the "Lyghfield Bible", after the monk William Lighfyld, had previously been at Canterbury, and had been removed following the Dissolution of the Monasteries. Answer and Explanation: Canterbury Cathedral was built as a place of worship for early Christians by St. Augustine who ordered the erecting of the building after King Ethelbert gave him the land for the church. Canterbury is typical of the large-scale Gothic cathedrals that were being built in parts of Europe during the 12th century, as a reflection of this new religious attitude. The first of these can be found in France with the Basilica of Saint-Denis. Of the six medieval entrances to the town, only Westgate survives. One of the earliest named composers associated with Canterbury Cathedral was Leonel Power, who was appointed master of the new Lady Chapel choir formed in 1438. [5] When other dioceses were founded in England Augustine was made archbishop. Further strengthening was found necessary around the beginning of the 16th century when buttressing arches were added under the southern and western tower arches. Where you can visit what was once the worlds tallest building. The oldest remains found during excavations beneath the present nave in 1993 were, however, parts of the foundations of an Anglo-Saxon building, which had been constructed across a Roman road. Canterbury Cathedral is located in Canterbury in Kent, and is easily reached by both the M20 and M2. Don't miss out on the chace to claim your copy of Tracy Borman's latest book when you subscribe today! Though diverse in style, they are united by a common function. Since mid-2017, the Chief Executive has been Sarah Frankland. Much of the stonework at Canterbury Cathedral is damaged and crumbling, the roofs are leaking and much of the stained glass is badly corroded. Students studying full-time at local universities - Canterbury Christ Church University, University of Kent, University for the Creative Arts - enjoy FREE entry with their student ID. The oldest bell in the cathedral is Bell Harry (approximately 8longcwt (900lb or 400kg)[90]), which hangs in a cage on the top of the central tower to which the bell lends its name. "Canterbury is typical of the large-scale Gothic cathedrals that were being built in parts of Europe during the 12th century, as a reflection of this new religious attitude." The first of these can be found in France with the Basilica of Saint-Denis. Adult 16.00 It was raised above a large and elaborately decorated crypt. Watching visitors filing through the gates of Canterbury Cathedral, necks craning to see to the top of its famous Bell Harry Tower, it is clear that todays cathedrals are not so very far removed from their medieval counterparts, welcoming visitors and carrying out constant conservation and repair work. But despite several attempts to destroy them, many of Britains cathedrals have survived as working churches and places of community. By English law and custom, they may only elect the person who has been nominated by the monarch on the advice of the prime minister. Augustine founded the cathedral in 597 and dedicated it to Jesus Christ, the Holy Saviour. ", "In amongst the grandeur of the Cathedral one simple object draws me, unerringly, to it every time I enter. In 1688, the joiner Roger Davis, citizen of London, removed the 13th-century misericords and replaced them with two rows of his own work on each side of the quire. Monday to Saturday 09.00 - 17.00(last admission at 16.00) Sunday 11.30* - 17.00(last admission at 16.00) *Between 11.30-12.30, access is available to the Cathedral ground and Shop only. [39], In about 1430 the south transept apse was removed to make way for a chapel, founded by Lady Margaret Holland and dedicated to St Michael and All Angels. All are welcome and there is no charge to attend a service. [93], Trinity Chapel and Shrine of Thomas Becket, The Reformation, Dissolution and Puritanism, "In all parts of Spain, among the various nations of Gaul, in districts of Britain inaccessible to the Romans but subdued to Christ, in all these the kingdom and name of Christ are venerated." Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). We tend to think of medieval people making frequent pilgrimages to holy sites, says Wells. The Church Commissioners pay the salary of the dean and two of the residentiary canons only. Between 11.30-12.30, access is available to the Cathedral ground and Shop only. Building massive stone structures required huge amounts of people power. Dunstan was buried on the south side of the high altar. The new Canterbury Cathedral, with . In 314 three Bishops from Britain attended the Council of Arles. Medieval cathedrals were never really completely finished. Caen stone sourced for cathedral repairs, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canterbury_Cathedral&oldid=1161545511, Cathedral and Metropolitical Church of Christ at Canterbury, 190ft (58m) (northwest tower, demolished 1705), Christchurch Cathedral, the Cathedral Precincts, Canon Librarian Tim Naish (since 22 April 2018), Canon Missioner Emma Pennington (since 16 March 2019), Precentor David Roper (interim, since 11 September 2022). Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The History Learning Site, 5 Mar 2015. As regards the interior, priorities include decoration of the vaults of the Trinity Chapel, conservation work in several other chapels, and major improvements to the Treasury building, which contains, amongst other things, the choir practice rooms. Stained glass here depicts the history of Canterbury. 30 Mar 2021 Image Credit: Shutterstock About Canterbury Cathedral Canterbury Cathedral is one of England's most famous cathedrals, both because of its prominent history dating back to the 6th century, and due to the famous murder of Archbishop Thomas Becket that took place there. [19] William of Malmesbury wrote: "Nothing like it could be seen in England either for the light of its glass windows, the gleaming of its marble pavements, or the many-coloured paintings which led the eyes to the paneled ceiling above."[19]. Locals can enjoy unlimited visits for the equivalent of just 10p per month! [Fn 2] After this a western apse was added as an oratory of Saint Mary, probably during the archbishopric of Lyfing (10131020) or Aethelnoth (10201038). Often referred to as England in stone', the Cathedral has been at the centre of momentous events and upheavals. Mounted on the wall above it, there is a metal sculpture by Truro sculptor Giles Blomfield depicting a cross flanked by two bloodstained swords which, together with the shadows they cast, represent the four knights who killed Becket. This latter chapel became known as the "Corona" or "Becket's Crown". [35]:56, The buildings devoted to hospitality were divided into three groups. Municipal government dates from the 14th century or earlier, and the town was promoted to county status, with a sheriff, in 1461. The heaviest bell (tenor) of this ring weighs 34longcwt3qr4lb (3,896lb or 1,767kg). Canterbury Cathedral is one of the oldest and most famous churches in England. [33], A second smaller dormitory for the conventual officers ran from east to west. To the north, a large open court divided the monastic buildings from menial ones, such as the stables, granaries, barn, bakehouse, brewhouse, and laundries, inhabited by the lay servants of the establishment. ", "I love the history of the building, and the calming feeling of peace I get when I visit. The cathedral was commissioned by William the Conqueror after the battle of Hastings, and consecrated in 1092. Its cathedral has been the primary ecclesiastical centre of England since the early 7th century ce. Structural repairs, often a result of natural disasters, such as the earthquake that damaged much of Wells Cathedral in 1248, were frequently carried out. Sent by Pope Gregory the Great, St. Augustine arrived at the royal court of Kent in Cantwarabyrig in 597 to a welcome from King Aethelberht I, whose wife, Queen Bertha, was already a Christian. Work on the cathedral began in 1137 and was dedicated to Magnus Erlendsson, Earl of Orkney, who was murdered on the orders of his cousin Hakon, co-ruler of the Orkney Islands, in c1115. ", "Children should look out for our fantastical creatures. [25] These new parts east of the quire transepts were raised on a higher crypt than Ernulf's quire, necessitating flights of steps between the two levels. Not valid with other promotions or offers. [39], The 235-foot (72m) crossing tower was begun in 1433, although preparations had already been made during Chillenden's priorate when the piers had been reinforced. [36], The buildings formed separate groups around the church. 1. There are also a number of lay canons who all together form the greater chapter which has the legal responsibility both for the cathedral itself and also for the formal election of an archbishop when there is a vacancy-in-see. It has some light industries and attracts hundreds of thousands of tourists each year. At that time, the niches were vacant and the Dean of the cathedral thought that the appearance of the cathedral would be improved if they were filled. [8] The 11th-century chronicler Eadmer, who had known the Saxon cathedral as a boy, wrote that, in its arrangement, it resembled St Peter's in Rome, indicating that it was of basilican form, with an eastern apse.[9]. Discount is not available for online booking. Eastern Crypt, Trinity and Corona Chapels added (all as seen today), Becket's body placed in new Shrine in Trinity Chapel. The memorial was built in Trinity Chapel but was destroyed during the . Canterbury Cathedral receives no government or state funding and only occasional grants from English Heritage. The New Foundation came into being on 8 April 1541. But in the medieval period we see the building process become much more of a community effort. Rebuilding began in 1070 under the first Norman archbishop, Lanfranc (10701077). Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Other points of interest include the site of Beckets murder in the northwest transept, the crypt where Henry II did penance for the murder, and the tomb of Edward the Black Prince. [39] The arches of the new nave arcade were exceptionally high in proportion to the clerestory. Detailed archaeological studies are undertaken to identify exactly which stones need to be replaced or repaired. [8] During the 9th or 10th century this church was replaced by a larger structure (161 by 75ft, 49 by 23m) with a squared west end. The cellarer's buildings, where middle-class visitors were entertained, stood near the west end of the nave. Frustrated at Beckets refusal to bow to his will, the King famously said Who will rid me of this meddlesome priest? Having overheard the King, four of his knights took his outburst quite literally and murdered Beckett at Canterbury Cathedrals north-east transept. Those employed ranged from unskilled labourers to a host of master craftsmen and skilled workmen. The earliest coloured glass windows in the cathedral date from the late 12th century, whilst others are as new as the four Ervin Bossnyi windows in the south-east transept (1957). [28] Further votive treasures were added to the adornments of the chest over the years, while others were placed on pedestals or beams nearby, or attached to hanging drapery. There was a separate chapter-house[33] which still exists, said to be "the largest of its kind in all of England". Have a look at the range of events Canterbury Cathedral has on offer below. It was rebuilt by N.P. Mander in 1978 and reduced to three manuals at about that time. The original Norman northwest tower, which had a lead spire until 1705,[49] was demolished in 1834 owing to structural concerns. Some of these were due to damage, such as that caused to the building during the English Civil War. 28 Jun 2023. Creating such huge buildings took time, money and a host of skilled workers, some of whom didnt live long enough to see their cathedral finished. by Alistair Campbell, p. xl, Barrie Dobson, "Canterbury in the Later Middle Ages, 12201540", in. The Celts: were they friends or foes of the Romans? How Conqueror Timur Achieved His Fearsome Reputation, The 10 Best Bronze Age Sites to Visit in the World, Explore the Key Sites of Henry VIIIs Life and Reign, 10 British Churches Ruined During the Dissolution of the Monasteries, The Best English Civil War Sites and Battlefields, 10 Must-See Medieval Landmarks in England, 10 Historic Sites Associated with Anne Boleyn, Viking Sites in Scotland: 5 Areas with Nordic History, 10 Historic Sites You Should Not Miss in 2023, Historic Sites Associated with Mary Queen of Scots. The Roman town of Durovernum Cantiacorum was established on the site after the invasion of Claudius in 43 ce. Corrections? the Cathedral church opens at 12.30. Theres something for everyone see what exciting events are currently taking place. The cathedral ceased to be an abbey during the Dissolution of the Monasteries when all religious houses were suppressed. [23] Everything else was replaced in the new Gothic style, with pointed arches, rib vaulting, and flying buttresses. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. In addition, a large amount of concrete encasing the bottom of the roof beams needs to be removed and replaced with traditional wooden footers. The Archbishop, lfheah, was taken hostage by the raiders and eventually killed at Greenwich on 19 April 1012, the first of Canterbury's five martyred archbishops. The cathedral we see today is an amalgamation of 900 years of building and extension work, undertaken at intervals since 1070. Whats the Difference Between Great Britain and the United Kingdom? Pilgrim badges were also popular and most cathedrals boasted a thriving tourist industry. Archbishops of Canterbury from Augustine of Canterbury and Lanfranc, to Thomas Cranmer and William Laud are represented.
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