In early research, the main goal of these vehicle control strategies was to ensure vehicle safety. [23] also used acceleration and jerk as evaluation indexes of comfort, and established a lane-change trajectory planning model via a quintic polynomial. This cookie is installed by Google Analytics. The purpose of the cookie is to determine if the user's browser supports cookies. To best simulate the driving conditions of future intelligent vehicles during the daily driving process, the trained driver carried out driving operations that are common in urban road traffic, including acceleration, deceleration, and turning operations. However, when setting the index threshold, the difference in the acceptability of different passengers to vehicle motion parameters was not considered. The results show that, compared with the passengers susceptible to motion sickness, the passengers less susceptible to motion sickness indicated experiencing 21% less discomfort. 1215 June 2016; pp. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". In order to further assist the motion operation planning of intelligent vehicle, a passenger comfort prediction model based on BiLSTM was established. Comfort: this factor concerns the passenger's level of comfort. and transmitted securely. The first step to designing experiences for comfort is to take a broader view of the factors which influence in-flight comfort. This approach puts an emphasis on creating meaningful and positive experiences through design that overall enhance wellbeing and quality of life. 164916551. Passengers were required to rate the comfort once per minute, with a score range of 0 (no sickness at all) to 20 (frank sickness). Considering the riding comfort of buses, when designing a vehicle control strategy of intelligent buses for curved road sections, Villagra et al. In addition, we did not pay attention to the changes in the numerical physiological characteristics of passengers during the ride, such as posture changes. In contrast, during the deceleration operation, there were significant differences in the acceptance of vehicle acceleration between male and female passengers, and the acceptance of acceleration by female passengers was significantly less than that by male passengers. During the real vehicle experiment, the driver communicated with the external staff through the mobile phone communication terminal to receive instructions on the performance of different vehicle operations. The .gov means its official. WebWhether you drive a passenger car, minivan, CUV, SUV or Light Truck, we have the exact 30333037. However, there is also literature that uses only subjective ratings for comfort analysis, e.g., Vink et al. It enables the network to merge the output result of the previous moment with the new input result of the current moment, together as the output of the current moment. Shaping the cabin design of the future Johnson D.A., Trivedi M.M. Heil et al. Sitting comfort and discomfort and the relationships with objective measures. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. At: Krakow, Poland. It is a common measure to monitor vehicle motion data by smartphone, and the accuracy of data collected by smartphone is consistent with that of high-precision gyroscope [27]. Further demonstrating the importance of innovative interior design and its ability to improve wellbeing onboard, Lantal Textiles AG will present its Pneumatic Comfort System (PCS), which replaces conventional seat foams with air-filled cushions, complete with integrated massage function to aid relaxation. The traditional test method is limited by the passengers not being able to evaluate the comfort in real time, which leads to the inability to accurately analyze the impact of vehicle motion parameters on passenger comfort. Graves A., Schmidhuber J. Framewise phoneme classification with bidirectional LSTM and other neural network architectures. 1. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help In addition to certain standard Google cookies, reCAPTCHA sets a necessary cookie (_GRECAPTCHA) when executed for the purpose of providing its risk analysis. From the confusion matrix, the four values of true positives (TP), false positives (FP), false negatives (FN), and true negatives (TN) of the model can be obtained. To improve passenger comfort when autonomous vehicles drive on curved sections of road, Artunedo et al. Passenger comfort an overview D.J. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Driving comfort evaluation of passenger vehicles with natural language processing and improved AHP. [19] evaluated the gender differences in motion sickness induced by linear visual oscillation, and evaluated the incidence of motion sickness and the severity of related symptoms. Liu R., Peli E., Hwang A.D. Autonomous vehicles are emerging primarily to provide travel services for humans, and the ride comfort of cars is an important evaluation criterion that reflects travel services. Because the analysis in Section 3 of this article revealed that the passengers gender and susceptibility to motion sickness are related to the passengers comfort evaluation results, the passengers physiological characteristic indicators were added to parameter combination C to form a new parameter combination D. Figure 11 presents the confusion matrix of the test set when the parameter combination D was input. As presented in Figure 8c, the vehicle jerk of the female discomfort group ( = 0.143, = 0.017) was significantly less (p = 0.049 < 0.05) than that of the male discomfort group ( = 0.238, = 0.053). Figure 9a presents the changes in the model loss values of the training set and test set with the number of epochs, and Figure 9b presents the changes in the model prediction accuracy of the training set and test set with the number of epochs. We offer thermal control software based on advanced research and development activities, e.g. WebRide comfort is one of the key issues in passenger transport. Today, the industry has unprecedented opportunities to comprehensively monitor the comfort of its passengers experience. Hoberock L.L. The vehicle acceleration was found to be positively correlated with the evaluation results, indicating that the greater the vehicle acceleration, the more likely it was to cause passenger discomfort. Its level depends on many factors related to both environmental factors and individual human characteristics. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. They took the changes of physiological parameters as the representation of changes in passenger comfort and analyzed a series of physiological parameters related to passenger comfort changes, such heart rate [12,13,14,15], blood pressure [16,17], and skin conductance level [12]. Traditionally, the passenger experience (or pax) has been defined by the filled by volunteers, and then they were asked to complete the Motion sickness susceptibility questionnaire (MSSQ)- [28]. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. During the experiment, the driver was required to keep driving at a constant speed of 60 km/h except when performing longitudinal motion tasks. The accuracy rate (Accuracy) refers to the proportion of samples for which the model makes correct predictions; in this article, the accuracy rate is the ratio of the number of correctly predicted passenger evaluation results out of the total number of samples. While exhibitors on the show floor present the latest products and innovations, the Passenger Experience Conference (1 April) will create a platform for air, rail and cruise professionals to network and discover future trends that will enable them to improve passenger comfort and wellbeing. The vehicle acceleration, passengers gender, and passengers susceptibility to motion sickness are also important factors that affect passenger comfort. In this article, the precision of the model refers to the proportion of samples for which the model predictions are correct among all the results that the model predicts as discomfort, and the recall rate of the model refers to the proportion of samples for which the model predictions are correct among all the results whose true value is discomfort. Measuring visually induced motion sickness using wearable devices. In addition to assessing the importance of rest onboard, the conference will look at innovative ways of enhancing the cabin environment and travel experience. In the experiment, vehicle motion parameters and the comfort evaluation results of passengers with different physiological characteristics were collected. (1) Area per capita in passenger coach. Sig. Widest average economy seats. The runway is divided into different sections; the vehicle acceleration and deceleration conditions were completed in the straight-road section, while the vehicle turning condition was completed in the curved section. intelligent cockpit is constructed with game theory. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Review Article Open Access. Res. Research on autonomous vehicles is in full swing. Therefore, if the comfort of passengers can be predicted based on factors that affect comfort and the control algorithm can be adjusted, it can be beneficial to improve the comfort of autonomous vehicles. During the turning state, the passengers gender and vehicle acceleration were found to be important factors correlated with the evaluation results of passenger comfort. In this study, we carried out a real riding experiment to simulate the typical driving state of a future autonomous vehicle, and collected the vehicle motion parameters under different conditions. In order to overcome the short-term memory distance and gradient explosion of the recurrent neural network (RNN), in 1997, Hochreiter and Schmidhuber [33] first proposed the long short-term memory network (LSTM), a kind of time recurrent neural network. The papers which follow in this special issue are then introduced and briefly discussed. B represents the regression coefficient. It can be seen from Figure 7 that, for the same passenger, the acceleration amplitude range corresponding to discomfort is larger than that of comfort, or discomfort is slightly crossed with comfort, but the former is closer to the upper part of the longitudinal (lateral) axis. These rising numbers, combined with increasing long-haul flight times and new Government charters[2] designed to improve the passenger experience, mean passenger comfort, health and wellbeing are now essential for operators looking to improve the onboard experience. According to the test requirements, the driver drove the vehicle to complete multiple driving operations, including acceleration, deceleration, and turning at different speeds and accelerations. However, with the development of technology, scholars began to consider the comfort of passengers when designing vehicle control strategies. Lee and Litkouhi [22] considered the influence of vehicle lateral motion on passenger comfort, and proposed a more flexible lateral control algorithm based on the relaxation algorithm, which can adjust the threshold of lateral acceleration in the control algorithm according to different levels of comfort requirements and generate different levels of smooth lane-change trajectories. Request Download. In addition, through regression analysis, we found that vehicle acceleration is the factor that has the greatest impact on passenger comfort. This paper describes passenger comfort as an experience Min B., Chung S., Min Y., Sakamoto K. Psychophysiological evaluation of simulator sickness evoked by a graphic simulator. Abstract. WebPremium Limousine Service. With the development of intelligence and network connectivity, the development of the automotive industry is also moving toward intelligent systems. The passengers susceptibility to motion sickness and vehicle acceleration were entered into the regression equation of the passenger comfort evaluation results. Therefore, there was no significant difference in the acceptance of vehicle acceleration between male and female passengers. This paper considers the concept of comfort and its relationship to the passenger's other travel experiences. The results of the t-test are presented in Figure 8. To determine the relationship between the vehicle acceleration amplitude and passenger comfort, the MATLAB filter toolbox was used to extract the longitudinal acceleration amplitude under the acceleration and deceleration operations and the lateral acceleration amplitude under the turning operation [30,31,32]. Taking passenger comfort as the dependent variable, using the t test method for passenger sex and motion sickness susceptibility data, using the 2 test method for the single operation time, acceleration, and jerk of the vehicle, to perform one-way analysis of variance, where the test level has been set to 0.05. Through the self-designed passenger comfort real-time acquisition equipment, the passengers real-time evaluation of vehicle driving comfort was realized. In our experiment, the subjects can evaluate the comfort in real time, combined with vehicle data, which can accurately analyze the relationship between vehicle motion parameters and passenger comfort. Passenger comfort measurement and quantification. The research on passenger comfort is helpful to understand the mechanism of affecting passengers subjective comfort, improve the theory of motion sickness, and provide a theoretical basis for the research of intelligent vehicle automatic driving control algorithm and decision making and the design of humancomputer interaction systems. For more information and to register to attend Passenger Experience Week comprising Aircraft Interiors Expo, World Travel Catering & Onboard Services Expo, Passenger Technology Solutions and the Passenger Experience Conference please visit www.passengerexperienceweek.com/. ; Experiments: C.W. Koslucher F., Haaland E., Malsch A., Webeler J., Stoffregen T.A. Some researchers took the physiological characteristics of passengers as an objective measurement method of comfort. joy, gratitude) and preventing negative emotions (e.g. When the acceleration, jerk and personal characteristics of passengers were input into the model, the prediction accuracy is high, and the subjective comfort of passengers can be judged according to the vehicle motion parameters, which can be used for the control decision of intelligent vehicles. The overall accuracy of the model was 75%, and the prediction effect was general. To further evaluate the impact of the vehicle operating parameters on the passenger comfort prediction model, the combinations of input variables are divided into three categoriesA, B, and Cas listed in Table 2. Villagra J., Milanes V., Perez J., Godoy J. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Finally, a passenger comfort prediction model was established, which provides the basis for the control algorithm design of autonomous vehicles. Technology is also impacting the onboard offer, with pre-ordering apps for customised meals and food service offers from local or airport restaurant chains becoming increasingly popular. Floyd W.F., Roberts D.F. ; Writing: X.Z. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. This cookie is installed by Google Analytics. The test track and its division into sections are depicted in Figure 5. WebNew on board: a new, improved seat for an even more comfortable travel experience, which is jointly introduced by the three network airlines, Lufthansa, SWISS and Austrian Airline, says Lufthansa. The model correctly identified 81% of the passengers discomfort states and 86% of the non-discomfort states. The Most Luxury Chauffeured Executive Sprinter Vans! When passengers can choose from multiple equally convenient flights at similar prices, factors such as comfort, experience, on-time performance, and marketing become important (Brauer, 2004). Box diagrams of the vehicle acceleration amplitude and passenger comfort evaluation results. J. Dyn. Hochreiter S., Schmidhuber J. Keyw ords: passenger experience, Comfort, activities, cabin design, cognitive functions, human-centered design. 282287. Illustration of the device for the collection of data on the subjective evaluation of passenger comfort. Smooth path and speed planning for an automated public transport vehicle. Inclusivity will also be the focus of a panel discussion when representatives from ATR, Flying Disabled, Virgin Atlantic, tangerine and BlueBox Aviation address the innovative solutions that work for any passenger profile. Image of the automobile performance testing ground at Changan University, which covers an area of 330,000 m2. Extremely quiet, only beaten by A380. For passengers, the utility of intelligence is to achieve more convenience and comfort. The equipment was made by designing a relevant circuit diagram, writing a program, and importing it into a K60 single-chip microcomputer, which was then welded to a circuit board, as depicted in Figure 3. The FMS provides a possibility to record passenger comfort during vehicle motion operations. This paper considers the concept of comfort and its relationship to the passenger's other travel experiences. WebThis paper describes passenger comfort as an experience generated by the cabin interior features. WebThese include - passenger movement tracking, smart parking with pre-book facilities, unified digital payment experience at the airport, digital shopping streets, and interactive signage. The blue lines represent the original acceleration, and the green lines represent the filtered vehicle acceleration. The output variable of the model is the passenger comfort evaluation result (0 indicates no discomfort, 1 indicates discomfort). WebSince then, SPI has continued to bring innovative ideas to perfect the design and software The prediction effects of the passenger comfort model of the three input variable combinations A, B, and C were compared and analyzed, and the parameter combination X with the best prediction effect was determined when only the vehicle operating state parameters were considered.
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