Intrinsic factors include gender, ethnicity, and anatomical variations, which are genetically determined. Free radicals, dehydration, vitamin deficiency, improper nutrition, alcohol, hormones List four extrinsic, or external, factors that affect the skin. Am. Genetics However, it is possible that age-independent extrinsic factors, including medications and lifestyle, are associated with shifts in the skin microbiome. The rate of ageing is significantly different among different populations, as well as among different anatomical sites even within a single individual. Investig. volume11, Articlenumber:22075 (2021) Effects of smoking status and hormone replacement therapy. 172, 12491261. 83, 219225. Reconstr. Belvedere R, Novizio N, Eletto D, Porta A, Di Maio U, Petrella A. Latreille, J. et al. ADS J. Dermatol. & Kottner, J. Use of sunscreen and risk of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Bookshelf CAS Tropospheric ozone and skin aging: Results from two German cohort studies. Additionally, quality assessments of included studies were performed using JBI critical appraisal tools13. The .gov means its official. Clin. https://doi.org/10.1159/000342344 (2013). By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. Flament, F., Ye, C. & Amar, D. Assessing the impact of an aerial chronic urban pollution (UP) on some facial signs of differently-aged Chinese men. 130, 27192726. cohort. Cosgrove, M. C., Franco, O. H., Granger, S. P., Murray, P. G. & Mayes, A. E. Dietary nutrient intakes and skin-aging appearance among middle-aged American women. The risk factors of skin aging have been studied previously, using methods of quantifying skin aging. By building on the definition of the term exposome by Wild (2005), we previously defined the skin aging exposome as the totality of all nongenetic factors contributing to extrinsic skin aging (Krutmann et al., 2017).These include natural sunlight as well as different types of air pollution but also cigarette smoke exposure, nutritional factors, temperature, and others (Figure 1). Forming an interface between the human body and the external environment, the human skin is constantly subject to both chronologically and environmentally induced changes. https://doi.org/10.1111/ics.12233 (2015). Pharmaceutics. Conspicuous extrinsic aging factors were smoking and sun exposure, both of which were significantly associated with multiple skin aging signs and exhibited dose-responses relationships with wrinkling. Notably, the most important skin aging phenotype was wrinkling, which was frequently used as an indicator of skin aging and a constituent of both validated and non-validated scales in the literature. Is skin ageing in the elderly caused by sun exposure or smoking?. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0b013e31819c4d42 (2009). Considering the variety of skin aging definitions in the literature, this review has proposed standard definition of skin aging. The search term for all databases included skin aging or skin ageing in the title or abstract, and risk, or protective, or epidemiology in all index fields. Dermatol. Sci. There was a preponderance of cosmetic industry funding and frequent focus on the visuals of skin aging in studies presently reviewed. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-01573-z, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-01573-z. Res. Despite recognition that biogeography and individuality shape the function and composition of the human skin microbiome, we know little about how extrinsic and intrinsic host factors influence its composition. Search for other works by . HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Ensuring skin integrity in the elderly requires a team approach and includes the individual, caregivers, and clinicians. Drakaki, E., Dessinioti, C. & Antoniou, C. V. Air pollution and the skin. J. Steroids Horm. Changes occur in the epidermis, dermis and hypodermis leading to thin, dry and sagging skin, while loss of structure and integrity . https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.b2535 (2009). 137, 10431051 (2001). 40, 187193. Moreover, there was an overlap in risk factors for skin aging and skin cancers, with the notable example of UV exposure, thus granting a plausible relevance of skin aging phenotypes as indicators of exposure to risk factors for skin cancer97,98,99,100,101. Nonetheless, there was a doseresponse relationship between pack-years of smoking and wrinkling, across four studies, where an increase in number of pack-years of smoking resulted in a stronger association with wrinkling manifestation (Fig. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2005.03.034 (2005). For quantitative data, the following were extracted: estimates of effect sizes; confidence interval or standard error, whichever was reported. Ashcroft, G. S., Mills, S. J. J. Dermatol. 27, e345-356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2015.11.042 (2016). These changes have been shown to impair cutaneous integrity, wound healing, and sensory and immune function94,95,96. Eur. J. Cosmet. Ding, A. et al. Larnier, C. et al. Cite this article. Elfakir, A. et al. Plast. Biogerontology 3, 337345. Results obtained in the secondary search were deduplicated and screened using the same eligibility criteria as that applied in the primary search. 1 We would aver that intrinsic biological, and certainly environmentally enhanced, skin aging involves a major disease component simply . Finally, a significant association found for wrinkling and current smoking (pOR 3.21, 95% CI 1.56, 6.58), with non-significant heterogeneity (I2=49.00%, p=0.141) (see Fig. Significant heterogeneity was observed for higher SSM score (I2=85.75%, p=0.000), telangiectasia (I2=97.26%, p=0.000), and wrinkling (I2=78.62%, p=0.000); heterogeneity for lentigines was non-significant (see Fig. J. Investig. Beagley, J. J. This reviews results will guide future works, such as those aiming to examine the interaction between genetic and environmental influences. and JavaScript. Purba, M. B. et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/jid.2010.204 (2010). A study in the epidemiology of crows feet. Gilchrest, B. Symp. PubMed J. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnma.2017.05.001 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1111/ics.12555 (2019). J. Cosmet. Acta Derm. PMC Huls, A. et al. Dryness has been quantified by skin conductance measured using Skicon-20087, while biopsies could permit better quantitative analyses of skin aging via the staining of elastotic tissue88, or histologic study2. https://doi.org/10.1111/ics.12492 (2018). https://doi.org/10.5665/sleep.2964 (2013). Yin, L., Morita, A. This review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Item for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines12 (see Supplementary Table 1 for PRISMA checklist). The importance of skin care and assessment. PubMed Youn, C. S. et al. https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027516658502 (2017). The sun's rays affect skin in different ways: Dermatol. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0190-9622(08)80964-4 (1991). Flament, F. et al. Intrinsic aging of the skin is a slow process that happens over many years. Engel, A., Johnson, M. L. & Haynes, S. G. Health effects of sunlight exposure in the United States. J. Soc. Cao, C., Xiao, Z., Wu, Y. Epidemiologic determinants of skin photoaging: Baseline data of the SU.VI.MAX. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. List four intrinsic, or internal, factors that affect the skin. Google Scholar. Thirty-four eligible journal articles were identified during the primary search and screening process (Fig. J. Dermatol. Parallel to roles in development, the nervous system is emerging as a critical regulator of cancer, from . J. Dermatol. Careers. Int. Where odds ratios were reported, meta-analyses were conducted using the random effects model. PubMed Central Cutaneous photodamage in Koreans: Influence of sex, sun exposure, smoking, and skin color. Sunlight in moderation is good our overall wellbeing, but too much sun can damage skin. Google Scholar. The same has also been documented for aging between individuals of different origins. Dermatol. 103, 14931498. https://doi.org/10.1684/ejd.2018.3251 (2018). Association between sun-exposure, smoking behaviour and plasma antioxidant levels with the different manifestation of skin ageing signs between Japanese and German womenA pilot study. Am. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdermsci.2016.09.015 (2017). Using this eligibility criteria, a total of 490 records were screened. Sci. 155, 473478. Ann. Acad. Osteoporosis, considered to be a potentially integral component of a long life, became a disease in 1994 when it was converted from being an unavoidable part of so-called normal aging to a pathologic condition. Altered skin integrity increases the chance of infection, impaired mobility, and decreased function and may result in the loss of limb or, sometimes, life. Acad. 80, 81s85s. This review examines the association of epidemiological factors with human skin aging signs that are assessable by non-invasive means. Acad. 37, 542549. Kumal Rajpaul. Facial wrinkling in men and women, by smoking status. Curr. An initial screening was first performed by selecting articles based on their title and abstract, before retrieving full-text reports for selected articles and re-assessing them for suitability. Sgonc, R. & Gruber, J. Age-related aspects of cutaneous wound healing: A mini-review. Some of these compounds, e.g., lauric acid and sapienic acid, have inhibitory activity against G+ pathogenic bacteria, e.g., Corynebacterium bovis ]. Acad. Sci. Significant associations for decreased forehead, crows feet, glabellar, and perioral wrinkling with Asian ethnicity were also identified45 (Supplementary Dataset). Sun damage in teenagers skin. Attention was paid to the phrases changes to the skin, and aging. Studies indicate that aging male and female skin differs in type, consistency and sensitivity to external factors. Intrinsic factors that affect our individual aging process are the factors that are out of our control; mainly genetics. J. Photochem. Mekic, S. et al. Dermatol. Beauty sleep: Experimental study on the perceived health and attractiveness of sleep deprived people. Cancer 41, 2844. 425, 3541. 2023 Apr 26;13(5):1088. doi: 10.3390/life13051088. The determinants of periorbital skin ageing in participants of a melanoma case-control study in the U.K. Br. It is influenced by your body's many internal processes, including: genetic factors. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors Affecting Skin Surface pH Authors Miranda A Farage , William Hood , Enzo Berardesca , Howard Maibach PMID: 30130773 DOI: 10.1159/000489516 Abstract The body skin pH can usually vary from 4.0 to 7.0 depending on location. 29, 314. If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate. Rexbye, H. et al. https://doi.org/10.2147/CCID.S104392 (2016). Effect of the sun on visible clinical signs of aging in Caucasian skin. Dermatol. Sample sizes and subject characteristics varied between studies, with samples sizes ranging from 24 females only17, to 20,295 males and females from the NHANES study18. Freckles and solar lentigines have different risk factors in Caucasian women. This paper reviews 109 studies (Supplementary References). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1994.tb02895.x (1994). Biomed. Sci Rep 11, 22075 (2021). Influence of environmental factors on facial ageing. Chien, A. L. et al. Gandini, S. et al. Photoimmunol. The latter phrase, aging, requires careful elucidation. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10536.x (2011). increased pigmentation, loss of elasticity and firmness, and dull skin. Effect of pregnancy and menopause on facial wrinkling in women. Although significant associations were reported for female gender with wrinkling (OR 3.69, 95% CI 1.74, 7.84)38 and perioral wrinkling39, sensitivity analysis by exclusion of each study from the meta-analysis of wrinkling and gender showed that the association with male gender was significantly strengthened when Chung et al.38 was excluded (pOR 1.50, 95% CI 1.27, 1.77) (Supplementary Fig. . Public Health 85, 7882. Besides examining risk factors with established significant associations with skin aging, we have also put forward some associations that deserve closer scrutiny. Exposure to fine particulate matter associated with senile lentigo in Chinese women: A cross-sectional study. Wong, Q.Y.A., Chew, F.T. Despite the heterogeneity between studies, a healthier dietary intake appears to be associated with less severe skin aging appearance: fatty acids were significantly associated with lower likelihood of dryness, photoaging, and lower SSM score61,62,65; increased vegetable consumption was significantly associated with decreased wrinkling and lower SSM score64,65; the Dutch Healthy Diet Index (DHDI) was associated with decrease wrinkling63. Sci. 8600 Rockville Pike Dermatol. Notably, the term pigmentation often referred to changes in pigmentation, dyspigmentation, or the formation of pigment spots; we henceforth refer to this phenotype as dyspigmentation. Comparison of self-reported signs of facial ageing among Caucasian women in Australia versus those in the USA, the UK and Canada. 2015, 318586. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/318586 (2015). Skin is affected by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. 1). J. Cosmet. 16, 305308 (1965). A tale of two cities. Pooled odds ratios (pOR) were obtained from the analyses. J. Dermatol. Extrinsic skin ageing in German, Chinese and Japanese women manifests differently in all three groups depending on ethnic background, age and anatomical site. Irene Karrouze. Rosmarinic Acid-Grafted Dextran/Gelatin Hydrogel as a Wound Dressing with Improved Properties: Strong Tissue Adhesion, Antibacterial, Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory. Dr. CHEW Fook Tim (Singapore) received grants from the Singapore Ministry of Education Academic Research Fund, Singapore Immunology Network, National Medical Research Council (NMRC) (Singapore), and the Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR) (Singapore); Grant Numbers: N-154-000-038-001; R-154-000-191-112; R-154-000-404-112; R-154-000-553-112; R-154-000-565-112; R-154-000-630-112; R-154-000-A08-592; R-154-000-A27-597; R-154-000-A91-592; R-154-000-A95-592; R154-000-B99-114; BMRC/01/1/21/18/077; BMRC/04/1/21/19/315; BMRC/APG2013/108; SIgN-06-006; SIgN-08-020; NMRC/1150/2008; H17/01/a0/0088; and APG2013/108. Indoor PM2.5 exposure affects skin aging manifestation in a Chinese population. J. Association of dietary fat, vegetables and antioxidant micronutrients with skin ageing in Japanese women. J. Stat. Br J Nurs. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. CAS PubMed Central Lee, C. M., Watson, R. E. B. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.12885 (2019). In contrast, three studies assigned grades to their target outcome, then calculated a final score from the assigned grades by applying a formula34,35,36. BMJ 341, c6614. Martires, K. J., Fu, P., Polster, A. M., Cooper, K. D. & Baron, E. D. Factors that affect skin aging: A cohort-based survey on twins. Age Ageing 35, 110115. Res. Acta Derm. Airborne particle exposure and extrinsic skin aging. Thus, skin aging may be categorised as intrinsic or extrinsic, depending on the epidemiological factors affecting the skin aging process, whereby intrinsic aging is attributed chronological and genetic factors, while extrinsic aging is influenced by environmental factors11. Pooled associations with HRT use was obtained for lentigines (pOR 1.49, 95% CI 0.59, 3.78) and wrinkling (pOR 0.47, 95% CI 0.17, 1.34) (see Fig. The factors discussed include oxygenation, infection, age and sex hormones, stress, diabetes, obesity, medications, alcoholism, smoking, and nutrition. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.13834 (2017). Med. https://doi.org/10.1093/asjof/ojab019 (2021). Non-modifiable risk factors are associated with intrinsic skin aging and cannot be altered, such as age and gender. Intrinsic skin aging, also known as chronological cutaneous aging, is due to the passing of time. https://doi.org/10.2340/00015555-3500 (2020). The following study characteristics were abstracted from the full-text articles: author(s) and year, country, sample size and subject demographics, outcome details (domain, anatomical location, definition if any, and method of quantification), and exposures (protective or risk factor). https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7536.1000109 (2012). Meanwhile, extrinsic factors including UV radiation, pollution, smoking, humidity, and poor diet also affect skin health . Intrinsic factors may or may not include diabetes, skin diseases, poor nutrition, or vascular diseases, among others. 86, 12251231. Model 3 and 4: Ernster et al.36 adjusted for age, BMI, and smoking status. Skin aging was also assessed as an outcome comprising a collection of phenotypes (n=7): overall skin aging using SCINEXA27, perceived age28,29, or photoaging20,30,31,32. Int. Thus, literature cited by eligible articles from the initial search were retrieved and screened; this citation screening process constituted a secondary literature search. 6, 221232. Sci. J. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e5909 (2012). J. Investig. This chapter discusses in detail all the various factors that affect the process of skin aging. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Book Significant associations were found for facial lentigines (pOR 1.08, 95% CI 1.05, 1.11), higher SSM score (pOR 1.15, 95% CI 1.12, 1.18), telangiectasia (pOR 1.37, 95% CI 1.09, 1.73), and wrinkling (pOR 3.96, 95% CI 1.75, 8.96). Int. Open Forum 3, ojab019. 75, 873880. https://doi.org/10.1001/archdermatol.2009.303 (2009). Photobiol. Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G. & Group, P. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. The comparison exposure for all odds ratio is 1h/day of sun exposure. Lastly, to maximise the scope of possible associations, we focused on non-experimental observational studies (i.e., cross-sectional, or longitudinal study designs). 8, 7584. For current smoking, the association with lentigines was non-significant (pOR 1.09, 95% CI 0.76, 1.56) with non-significant heterogeneity (I2=0.00%, p=0.867). Br. https://doi.org/10.1038/jid.2009.366 (2010). CAS Environ. 165, 10111021. Outcomes quantified using digital image analysis were also included. The impact of epidermal melanin on objective measurements of human skin colour. Prevalence and determinants for xerosis cutis in the middle-aged and elderly population: A cross-sectional study. Google Scholar. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3083.2012.04685.x (2013). The visible skin aging phenotype is thus the superimposition of intrinsic and extrinsic skin aging signsa point that was acknowledged and accounted for by at least two validated skin aging scores that relied on visual grading of outcomes7,11. J. https://doi.org/10.1001/archderm.143.3.397 (2007). Traffic-related air pollution contributes to development of facial lentigines: Further epidemiological evidence from Caucasians and Asians. Dermatol. Cancer 41, 20402059. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40572-020-00262-9 (2020). A., Szabo, G., Flynn, E. & Goldwyn, R. M. Chronologic and actinically induced aging in human facial skin. Perner, D. et al. Skin colour has been correlated with ethnicity, with Europeans having the lightest skin, Africans exhibiting the darkest skin, and Chinese and Indian showing lightness values between the two47. Sci. 40, 1722. In a subject population aged above 30, dyspigmentation was found to be more prevalent in Chinese and Japanese than in Germans only if measured on the cheeks and in subjects up to 60years old, while wrinkling in Japanese above 60years old and Chinese of any age were not significantly more severe than that in Germans (Supplementary Dataset). Study populations originated from 16 countries (Supplementary Table 2). Chung, J. H. et al. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement. 9, 95105. Nutr. Sci. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.15865 (2020). J. Investig. 31, 355360. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! In this article, new knowledge about genes and biological processes that can significantly affect skin homeostasis in old age and can lead to the typical morphological and physiological characteristics of aging . PubMed . For example, aging of the skin is accompanied by degradation of collagen and elastic fibres in the dermis, thinning of the epidermis, impaired fibroblast function, and other changes reviewed elsewhere91,92,93,94. The combined effects of these two aging processes also affect dermal matrix alterations. In this article, skin aging is defined simply as changes to the skin that occur due to aging. Intrinsic or chronological ageing affects the skin of the entire body, including sun-protected sites. Skin Res. 110, 176181. Vis. CAS Am. J. cellular metabolism. Sci. PubMed Wehner, M. R. et al. Dermatol. Other studies assessed the global face by estimating perceived age (n=5) or conducted digital image analyses (n=19) which offered a more precise and objective measure of outcome (e.g., measurement of total wrinkle length). https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0781.2001.170407.x (2001). It affects skin with the densest population of sebaceous follicles, including the face, the upper part of the chest, and the back. Buendia-Eisman, A., Prieto, L., Abarquero, M. & Arias-Santiago, S. Study of the exposome ageing-related factors in the Spanish population. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1021399228395 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1111/ics.12487 (2018). Thank you for visiting nature.com. Cosmet. Individuals who suffer with incontinence, especially in relation to faeces, will often be at risk of skin breakdown and develop incontinence-associated dermatitis . Causes of skin breakdown J. Clin. One study reported association for current smoking with photoaging, stratified for gender41; pooling the ORs resulted in a significant association (pOR 1.20, 95% CI 1.01, 1.43). Other intrinsic factors that help regulate skin pigmentation include fibroblasts in the dermis that affect overlying melanocytes and keratinocytes, endocrine factors from the blood supply, as well as neural factors and inflammation-related factors. Google Scholar. Studies examining smoking status compared ever smokers to never smokers, or between current, former and non-smokers. Age, sunlight, and facial skin: A histologic and quantitative study. 4). Additionally, interaction between pollutants and UV radiation has been reported: nitrogen dioxide, ozone, and UV radiation56; particulate matter and UV radiation52. Technol. conceived and supervised the current review. A secondary search was conducted by hand-searching references cited by the eligible articles from the primary search. Int. Flament, F., Amar, D., Forichon, M., Caron, J. Nonetheless, it appeared that dyspigmentation (or lentigines) and wrinkling on the face were significantly associated with various types of air pollution. Dermatol. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Int. As the proportion of the ageing population in industrialized countries continues to increase, the dermatological concerns of the aged grow in medical importance. Fuks, K. B. et al. A primary literature search was performed using the Embase, PubMed and Web of Science databases in October 2020. 40, 467481. Agrigoroaei, S., Lee-Attardo, A. [Intrinsic factors, genes, and skin aging] Hautarzt. In several studies, the number of respondents and number of subject data used in statistical analysis differed; the number of subjects included in statistical analysis, if reported, was extracted, and considered as the sample size. Gandini, S. et al. 5a). 2006 Aug;22(3):178-84. doi: 10.1016/j.soncn.2006.04.002. Model 1 and 2: Ernster et al.36 adjusted for age, BMI, and smoking exposure. conducted the literature review, collated and analysed the data, and wrote the manuscript. Dermatol. Int. Yaar, M., Eller, M. S. & Gilchrest, B. (c) Forest plots for sunscreen use and skin aging. Between studies using identical units, exposure intensity was categorised differently, thus multiple meta-analyses were conducted. Pooled odds ratios for lentigines and wrinkling with being a smoker were both non-significant (see Fig. Ensuring skin integrity in the elderly requires a team approach and includes the individual, caregivers, and clinicians. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afj031 (2006). Venereol. Investig. Skin aging does not only occur by passing time alone but also by the exposure to different environmental factors. ISSN 2045-2322 (online). Zouboulis, C. C. & Makrantonaki, E. Clinical aspects and molecular diagnostics of skin aging. Understanding best practices in addressing skin integrity issues can promote positive outcomes with the elderly. There are many factors that affect the skin in many ways. Slowing Skin Aging Wherever your skin is along its natural, intrinsic aging process, there are steps you can take right now to slow visible signs of age due to extrinsic aging. Since skin aging was most frequently assessed as individual outcomes, this review examined the individual outcomes, or skin aging signs, as proxy measures of overall skin aging. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Nutr. 72, 233239. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0015270 (2010). Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Another study also found that sleep deprivation led to a perceived increase in facial signs, including hanging eyelids and wrinkling86. Ezzedine, K. et al. Fenske, N. A. 145, 13751379. Farage, M. A., Miller, K. W., Elsner, P. & Maibach, H. I. Characteristics of the aging skin. Article Meta-analysis for a given risk factor was conducted when an effect size estimate for association between an outcome of interest and said risk factor was reported by at least two independent studies, using the DerSimonian-Laird random effects meta-analysis method to account for between-study heterogeneity16. Med. Intrinsic skin aging is a process of chronologically physiological change. Environmental and lifestyle factors associated with perceived facial age in Chinese women. Flament, F. et al. If effect sizes were not reported, means and error bars were extracted (Supplementary Dataset). & Negre, C. Distinct Habits of sun exposures lead to different impacts on some facial signs of Chinese men of different ages. Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2018.12.047 (2019). Google Scholar. Forest plot for skin aging phenotypes and male gender (female gender as reference). Goodman, G. J., Armour, K. S., Kolodziejczyk, J. K., Santangelo, S. & Gallagher, C. J. Venereol. Google Scholar. Before Baumann, L. et al. Oyetakin-White, P. et al. The presence of natural acidic compounds on the skin surface helps maintain t . As such, skin aging has been quantified using different phenotypes and grading systems, allowing the identification of multiple risk factors by various epidemiological studies9,10. Magnetic Gels in Skin Cancer Treatment: A Review of Potential Applications in Diagnostics, Drug Delivery and Hyperthermia. hormonal changes. Venereol. Dermatol. CAS https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdermsci.2016.05.011 (2016). Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. 2016 Feb;67(2):103-6. doi: 10.1007/s00105-015-3746-2 . Text definitions, photographs, or both, were provided as scale references and served as a direct measure of target outcomes. The aging process in the skin is complex and influenced by more intrinsic and extrinsic factors than any other body organ. Investig. 5c). J. Eur. National Library of Medicine Gandini, S. et al. Med. Fritschi, L. & Green, A. As with skin aging and diet associations, no pooled association for skin aging and alcohol consumption could be obtained due to the between-study variation in the quantification of alcohol consumption. Sleep 36, 13551360. Br. Aust. Griffiths, C. E., Wang, T. S., Hamilton, T. A., Voorhees, J. J. Nouveau-Richard, S. et al. Surg. The weather can have a significant impact on skin condition: Sunlight. 2003 Jun;49(6):27-8, 30, 33 passim, contd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdermsci.2005.06.006 (2005). Eur. Additionally, menopausal status and hormone replacement therapy (HRT) use, both factors which interact with increased age and female gender, may influence skin aging manifestation. Air pollution and skin aging. Hemostasis - Hemostasis starts within the first 15 minutes of an injury that extends through the epidermis into the dermis. & Vanrell, J. Nagata, C. et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2001.10719017 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-5122(97)00087-x (1998). Sci. Dermatol. Effect of age, gender, and sun exposure on ethnic skin photoaging: Evidence gathered using a new photonumeric scale. J. Dermatol. 1 Skin Layers Sci. Cues of fatigue: Effects of sleep deprivation on facial appearance. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2018.03.033 (2019). [1] Understanding the influence of these factors can help shape and inform a wound care assessment, treatment plan, and prognosis. Defining skin aging and its risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Skin aging has been defined to encompass both intrinsic and extrinsic aging, with extrinsic aging effected by environmental influences and overlaying the effects of chronological aging. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2014.00011 (2014). Nonetheless, a doseresponse relationship between sun exposure and wrinkling could be discerned.
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