buddhism founder and date

Siddhartha Gautama, [e] most commonly referred to as the Buddha ("the awakened"), [f] [g] was a wandering ascetic and religious teacher who lived in South Asia during the 6th or 5th century BCE [4] [5] [6] [c] and founded Buddhism . from Walpola Rhula's French trans. [93][96][97] Liberation from this cycle of existence, nirvana, has been the foundation and the most important historical justification of Buddhism. [60][404] In their Tripiaka, each school included the Suttas of the Buddha, a Vinaya basket (disciplinary code) and some schools also added an Abhidharma basket which were texts on detailed scholastic classification, summary and interpretation of the Suttas. [98][99], Buddhist texts assert that rebirth can occur in six realms of existence, namely three good realms (heavenly, demi-god, human) and three evil realms (animal, hungry ghosts, hellish). Institute of Oriental Culture Special Series, pp. Based on the Indian principle of ahimsa (non-harming), the Buddha's ethics strongly condemn the harming of all sentient beings, including all animals. After 49 consecutive days of meditation, Gautama became the Buddha, or "enlightened one". He lived and taught in the. [204][205][206], The Noble Eightfold Path is grouped into three basic divisions, as follows:[207][208][209], In various suttas which present the graduated path taught by the Buddha, such as the Samaaphala Sutta and the Cula-Hatthipadopama Sutta, the first step on the path is hearing the Buddha teach the Dharma. [27][28] Buddhist scholar Donald S. Lopez asserts they also used the term Bauddha,[29] although scholar Richard Cohen asserts that that term was used only by outsiders to describe Buddhists. [112][119], A notable aspect of the karma theory in Buddhism is merit transfer. [535] In Russia, Buddhists form majority in Tuva (52%) and Kalmykia (53%). ", The third "jewel" which Buddhists take refuge in is the "Sangha", which refers to the monastic community of monks and nuns who follow Gautama Buddha's monastic discipline which was "designed to shape the Sangha as an ideal community, with the optimum conditions for spiritual growth. There is also a separate definition of Sangha, referring to those who have attained any stage of awakening, whether or not they are monastics. [448][449] Chan continued to grow in the Song dynasty (9601279) and it was during this era that it strongly influenced Korean Buddhism and Japanese Buddhism. [52] This event also brought certainty about the Middle Way as the right path of spiritual practice to end suffering. [303] In the early texts, Pa is included as one of the "five faculties" (indriya) which are commonly listed as important spiritual elements to be cultivated (see for example: AN I 16). In early Buddhism, it was commonly stated that all five aggregates are void (rittaka), hollow (tucchaka), coreless (asraka), for example as in the Pheapipama Sutta (SN 22:95). [440], The Silk Road transmission of Buddhism to China is most commonly thought to have started in the late 2nd or the 1st century CE, though the literary sources are all open to question. [444] The first known Mahyna scriptural texts are translations into Chinese by the Kushan monk Lokakema in Luoyang, between 178 and 189 CE. Siddhartha Gautama (better known as the Buddha, l. c. 563 - c. 483 BCE) was, according to legend, a Hindu prince who renounced his position and wealth to seek enlightenment as a spiritual ascetic, attained his goal and, in preaching his path to others, founded Buddhism in India in the 6th-5th centuries BCE.. [245] Within a monastic fraternity, a sangha has its own rules. The Eightfold Path consists of a set of eight interconnected factors or conditions, that when developed together, lead to the cessation of dukkha. It is seen as damaging to one's mental clarity, mindfulness and ability to keep the other four precepts. [287] Meanwhile, in Vasubandhu's Abhidharmakoakrik, vipayan is said to be practiced once one has reached samadhi by cultivating the four foundations of mindfulness (smtyupasthnas). [441][note 32] The first documented translation efforts by foreign Buddhist monks in China were in the 2nd century CE, probably as a consequence of the expansion of the Kushan Empire into the Chinese territory of the Tarim Basin. [518] Buddhist teachings influenced the development of modern Hinduism as well as other Asian religions like Taoism and Confucianism. Other widely observed practices include: monasticism; "taking refuge" in the Buddha, the dharma, and the sagha; and the cultivation of perfections (pramit). [249] Generally, renunciation is the giving up of actions and desires that are seen as unwholesome on the path, such as lust for sensuality and worldly things. The list of pattimokkha is recited every fortnight in a ritual gathering of all monks. For monks, beg to feed, only possessing what is essential to sustain life. It was a part of Buddha's first sermon, where he presented the Noble Eightfold Path that was a 'middle way' between the extremes of asceticism and hedonistic sense pleasures. developing samadhi and the four dhynas. No killing or injuring, no taking what is not given; no sexual acts in monastic pursuit. [346][347][348], Historically, the roots of Buddhism lie in the religious thought of Iron Age India around the middle of the first millennium BCE. [318] This was tempered by the rule that meat had to be "three times clean": "they had not seen, had not heard, and had no reason to suspect that the animal had been killed so that the meat could be given to them". Davidson, Ronald M. Indian Esoteric Buddhism: A Social History of the Tantric Movement, p. 171. "Satipahna: The Direct Path to Realization," p. 71. Table of Contents 1 Founder of Buddhism 1.1 What is Buddhism? "[311] Because of this devotion (Skt. "The aiva Age: The Rise and Dominance of aivism during the Early Medieval Period." He famously sat in meditation under a Ficus religiosa tree now called the Bodhi Tree in the town of Bodh Gaya and attained "Awakening" (Bodhi). The training of the faculty called "mindfulness" (Pali: sati, Sanskrit: smti, literally meaning "recollection, remembering") is central in Buddhism. [273][274] Further, the focus of meditation and the underlying theory of liberation guiding the meditation has been different in Buddhism. [363] Buddhist texts also refer to the three Vedic sacrificial fires, reinterpreting and explaining them as ethical conduct. Shamanism is a widespread practice in some Buddhist societies. Mahyna sees the arhat's nirvana as being imperfect and inferior or preliminary to full Buddhahood. [443], The first documented Buddhist texts translated into Chinese are those of the Parthian An Shigao (148180 CE). During the Gupta Empire, a new class of Buddhist sacred literature began to develop, which are called the Tantras. [302], Praj (Sanskrit) or pa (Pli) is wisdom, or knowledge of the true nature of existence. [95], In Buddhism, karma (from Sanskrit: "action, work") drives sasra the endless cycle of suffering and rebirth for each being. [61][62][note 6], The term "Buddhism" is an occidental neologism, commonly (and "rather roughly" according to Donald S. Lopez Jr.) used as a translation for the Dharma of the Buddha, fjio in Chinese, bukky in Japanese, nang pa sangs rgyas pa'i chos in Tibetan, buddhadharma in Sanskrit, buddhasana in Pali. The Buddhist canon is vast, with many different textual collections in different languages (such as Sanskrit, Pali, Tibetan, and Chinese).[17]. Prince Shotoku was the founder of Japanese Buddhism and of the Japanese nation. Get a list if all the clues in a single puzzle, no need to search for each clue separately. ", "The Buddhist to Liberation: An Analysis of the Listing of Stages", "The Dating of the Historical Buddha: A Review Article", "Of Compassion and Capital Punishment: A Buddhist Perspective on the Death Penalty", "Huisi's Perspective on the Lotus Sutra as Seen Through the Meaning of the Course of Ease and Bliss in the Lotus Sutra", "Zen as a Social Ethics of Responsiveness", "On the Buddha's Use of Some Brahmanical Motifs in Pali Texts", "The Raks Literature of the rvakayna", "The Advent of Theravada Buddhism to Mainland South-east Asia", "Maha-parinibbana Sutta: Last Days of the Buddha", Worldwide Buddhist Information and Education Network, Early Buddhist texts, translations, and parallels, East Asian Buddhist Studies: A Reference Guide, Basic points unifying Theravda and Mahyna, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism&oldid=1162753427, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2020, Articles with incomplete citations from October 2020, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Articles containing Sanskrit-language text, Articles lacking reliable references from September 2019, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Wikipedia references cleanup from October 2022, Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from October 2022, All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Pages using Sister project links with default search, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0. [1] He is thus also known as the Shakyamuni (literally: "The sage of the Shakya clan"). Reginald Ray (1999), Buddhist Saints in India, Oxford University Press. [260], The practice of dhyna aids in maintaining a calm mind, and avoiding disturbance of this calm mind by mindfulness of disturbing thoughts and feelings. Official numbers from the Chinese government are lower, while other surveys are higher. [245] A monk abides by these institutionalised rules, and living life as the vinaya prescribes it is not merely a means, but very nearly the end in itself. 563 Buddhists celebrate birth of Gautama Buddha On April 8, Buddhists celebrate the commemoration of the birth of Gautama Buddha, the founder of Buddhism, thought to have lived in India from. [243] The precise content of the Vinaya Pitaka (scriptures on the Vinaya) differs in different schools and tradition, and different monasteries set their own standards on its implementation. [125][139][note 17], The nirvana state has been described in Buddhist texts partly in a manner similar to other Indian religions, as the state of complete liberation, enlightenment, highest happiness, bliss, fearlessness, freedom, permanence, non-dependent origination, unfathomable, and indescribable. He was born as a royal prince in 624 BC in a place called Lumbini, which was originally in northern India but is now part of Nepal. "[257] These are also referred to in commentarial literature as immaterial/formless jhnas (arpajhnas). Johannes Bronkhorst states that the esoteric form was attractive because it allowed both a secluded monastic community as well as the social rites and rituals important to laypersons and to kings for the maintenance of a political state during succession and wars to resist invasion. [364], The ramaa religions challenged and broke with the Brahmanic tradition on core assumptions such as Atman (soul, self), Brahman, the nature of afterlife, and they rejected the authority of the Vedas and Upanishads. [44][45], According to early texts such as the Pali Ariyapariyesan-sutta ("The discourse on the noble quest", MN 26) and its Chinese parallel at M 204, Gautama was moved by the suffering (dukkha) of life and death, and its endless repetition due to rebirth. Pa along with samadhi, is also listed as one of the "trainings in the higher states of mind" (adhicittasikkha). According to Damien Keown, vipassan meanwhile, focuses on "the generation of penetrating and critical insight (pa)". Buddhism, like all Indian religions, was initially an oral tradition in ancient times. The Mahyna stras are mainly seen as being for those of "greater" capacity. Buddhist philosophy, Buddhist art, Buddhist architecture, Buddhist cuisine and Buddhist festivals continue to be influential elements of the modern Culture of Asia, especially in East Asia and the Sinosphere as well as in Southeast Asia and the Indosphere. Traditional date for the introduction of Buddhism to Japan from Korea. An important additional practice is a kind and compassionate attitude toward every living being and the world. David Seyfort Ruegg and Lambert Schmithausen, Leiden: Kern Institute, pp. [66][67] Dukkha is most commonly translated as "suffering", but this is inaccurate, since it refers not to episodic suffering, but to the intrinsically unsatisfactory nature of temporary states and things, including pleasant but temporary experiences. Shakyamuni was born around 490 B.C.E. [176] It also refers to the universal law and cosmic order which that teaching both reveals and relies upon. [note 15] In some passages in the Pali Canon, a distinction is being made between right knowledge or insight (samm-a), and right liberation or release (samm-vimutti), as the means to attain cessation and liberation. ", "I undertake the training-precept to abstain from misconduct concerning sense-pleasures." [536], Buddhism is also growing by conversion. "The Way to Buddhahood: Instructions from a Modern Chinese Master," p. 29. Under the Guptas and Palas, Tantric Buddhism or Vajrayana developed and rose to prominence. McRae, John (2003), Seeing Through Zen, The University Press Group Ltd, pp. [31][note 1], Early texts have the Buddha's family name as "Gautama" (Pali: Gotama), while some texts give Siddhartha as his surname. . [474][475] Over time, the wandering community slowly adopted more settled cenobitic forms of monasticism. [329] The Buddhist textual history is vast; over 40,000 manuscripts mostly Buddhist, some non-Buddhist were discovered in 1900 in the Dunhuang Chinese cave alone. [41][note 4] Some of the stories about the Buddha, his life, his teachings, and claims about the society he grew up in may have been invented and interpolated at a later time into the Buddhist texts. August 20, 2018 Stanford scholar discusses Buddhism and its origins Stanford religious studies Professor Paul Harrison talks about the latest research on the origin of Buddhism and the rise of Mahayana Buddhism, which has influenced most of today's Buddhist practices around the world. [210], One of the most basic forms of ethics in Buddhism is the taking of "precepts". Siddhartha was born around the fifth century BCE to a tribal chief of a clan in southern Nepal. [453] During the Middle Ages, Buddhism slowly declined in India,[454] while it vanished from Persia and Central Asia as Islam became the state religion. 'Indestructible Vehicle'), a body of teachings attributed to Indian adepts, may be viewed as a separate branch or tradition within Mahyna. Having achieved enlightenment, he became known as Shakyamuni and preached a path of salvation to his followers. Leiden: Brill. [186][note 20] According to Karl Brunnholzl "the earliest mahayana sutras that are based on and discuss the notion of tathgatagarbha as the buddha potential that is innate in all sentient beings began to appear in written form in the late second and early third century. [210] It generally consists of right speech, right action and right livelihood. [196][197], A common presentation style of the path (mrga) to liberation in the Early Buddhist Texts is the "graduated talk", in which the Buddha lays out a step by step training.[198]. [288], Beginning with comments by La Vallee Poussin, a series of scholars have argued that these two meditation types reflect a tension between two different ancient Buddhist traditions regarding the use of dhyna, one which focused on insight based practice and the other which focused purely on dhyna. [166] Similarly, in Theravada Buddhism, it often means that the five aggregates are empty of a Self. [244], Monastic communities in the Buddhist tradition cut normal social ties to family and community, and live as "islands unto themselves". Buddha, born with the name Siddhartha Gautama, was a teacher, philosopher and spiritual leader who is considered the founder of Buddhism. Well-known proponents of the third position are J.W. It includes the Patimokkha, a set of 227 offences including 75 rules of decorum for monks, along with penalties for transgression, in the Theravadin tradition. [201] These eight factors are: Right View (or Right Understanding), Right Intention (or Right Thought), Right Speech, Right Action, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, and Right Concentration. [161][162] By breaking the circuitous links of the Twelve Nidanas, Buddhism asserts that liberation from these endless cycles of rebirth and dukkha can be attained.[163]. An example of this is evidenced in Chinese and Pali Buddhist records, such as Milindapanha and the Greco-Buddhist art of Gandhra. [165] This can be seen in Buddhist discourses such as the Anattalakkhana Sutta. It sees arhatship as selfish, since bodhisattvas vow to save all beings while arhats save only themselves. to a royal family who lived in a palace in the foothills of the Himalayas. [280][281], In the Pali canon, the Buddha outlines two meditative qualities which are mutually supportive: samatha (Pli; Sanskrit: amatha; "calm") and vipassan (Sanskrit: vipayan, insight). Thus the 'pure atheists' make up only about 15 percent of the sample [surveyed].". Another very influential concept unique to Mahyna is that of "Buddha-nature" (buddhadhtu) or "Tathagata-womb" (tathgatagarbha). [490] Most Asian Buddhist laypersons, states Kevin Trainor, have historically pursued Buddhist rituals and practices seeking better rebirth,[491] not nirvana or freedom from rebirth.[492]. "Emptiness" or "voidness" (Skt: nyat, Pali: Suat), is a related concept with many different interpretations throughout the various Buddhisms. Answers for buddhism founder crossword clue, 10 letters. [170] While subject to the limitations of the human body in certain ways (for example, in the early texts, the Buddha suffers from backaches), a Buddha is said to be "deep, immeasurable, hard-to-fathom as is the great ocean," and also has immense psychic powers (abhij). According to Lambert Schmithausen Pre-sectarian Buddhism is "the canonical period prior to the development of different schools with their different positions. [534] The Indian state of Maharashtra account for 77% of all Buddhists in India. Some of this literature was also written in verse form (kariks), the most famous of which is the Mlamadhyamika-karik (Root Verses on the Middle Way) by Nagarjuna, the foundational text of the Madhyamika school. 'Great Vehicle'). [221] This practice may have been influenced by the Brahmanical motif of the triple refuge, found in the Rigveda 9.97.47, Rigveda 6.46.9 and Chandogya Upanishad 2.22.34. This merit gaining may be on the behalf of one's family members. For example, the Dhammakaya movement in Thailand teaches a "true self" doctrine, which traditional Theravada monks consider as heretically denying the fundamental anatta (not-self) doctrine of Buddhism. The Theravada tradition emphasizes the attainment of nirva (lit. Buddhism pg. 14. Buddhism, a religion that more than 300 million people currently practice, was founded in northeastern India by Prince Siddhartha in the sixth century B.C. [328] Each Buddhist tradition has its own collection of texts, much of which is translation of ancient Pali and Sanskrit Buddhist texts of India. [158][159][160], Buddhism applies the theory of dependent arising to explain origination of endless cycles of dukkha and rebirth, through Twelve Nidnas or "twelve links". [459] It also became dominant in the Khmer Empire during the 13th and 14th centuries and in the Thai Sukhothai Kingdom during the reign of Ram Khamhaeng (1237/12471298). The emphasis on intent in Buddhism marks its difference from the karma theory of Jainism where karma accumulates with or without intent. ", "The south (of India) was then vigorously creative in producing Mahayana Sutras" Warder, See Hill (2009), p. 30, for the Chinese text from the, See e.g. [533] Large Buddhist populations live in Mainland China, Taiwan, North Korea, Nepal and South Korea. The publication and translations of Buddhist literature in Western languages thereafter accelerated. [53], According to various early texts like the Mahsaccaka-sutta, and the Samaaphala Sutta, on awakening, the Buddha gained insight into the workings of karma and his former lives, as well as achieving the ending of the mental defilements (asavas), the ending of suffering, and the end of rebirth in sasra. [376] According to Vetter, inconsistencies remain, and other methods must be applied to resolve those inconsistencies. The events of his life are largely legendary, but he is considered an actual .
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