bhagirath kharak glacier

"corePageComponentUseShareaholicInsteadOfAddThis": true, Retreat rates of the 20 investigated glaciers for the periods 19942006, 20062020 and 19942020. However, the outwash plain of these two glaciers has a large number of dead ice mounds, moraines and debris deposits. The Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) operates a weather station at Joshimath (~1650m a.s.l.) Remya and others (Reference Remya, Kulkarni, Hassan and Nainwal2020) found significant mass loss (0.550.06m w.e. The distribution of the area loss of 175 glaciers in the basin during the period 19942020. Details of the satellite data and digital elevation model (DEM) used in this study. We could not map the area changes of all 198 glaciers of the 2020 inventory since not all of them were clearly visible in the Landsat image owing to partial cloud cover and limited coverage of the 2006 ASTER image. September and October) with minimum seasonal snow and cloud cover were selected. A significant fraction of the glacierised area of the basin is debris-covered. The distinction between snow patches and small glaciers (<0.5km2) is crucial, since snow can accumulate for few years on mountain slopes and ridges. Table 4. DeBeer and Sharp, Reference DeBeer and Sharp2009) (Fig. The satellite data from the different sensors were co-registered with the Sentinel-2A images as a master image using the projective transformation algorithm in ERDAS Imagine 2014 (cf. In the Eastern Himalaya, a loss rate of 0.160.3%a1 was reported in the Tista basin, during 19892010 by Basnett and others (Reference Basnett, Kulkarni and Bolch2013). While the ASTER image has a relatively higher RMSE value and limited study area coverage, we used it in our study to compare the results of the previous study in UAB by Bhambri and others (Reference Bhambri, Bolch, Chaujar and Kulshreshtha2011a). located a little south of the basin. Furthermore, no study in the UAB has investigated area changes after 2006 including all the glaciers in the basin. This inconsistency may be due to differences in the demarcation of complex glacier front since there is a large amount of debris flow from the lateral moraines and the shadowing effect resulting from clouds and narrow valley. An accelerated warming rate of ~0.04Ca1 occurred after 1990 (Supplementary Table S3 and Fig. 8a). This indicates that the slope plays a significant role in the dynamics. Exploring the journey of River Ganga. To extract the topographic information of the glaciers, the High Mountain Asia Digital Elevation Model (HMA DEM) (Shean, Reference Shean2017) was used (Table 1). To obtain full coverage, we interpolated these voids using nearest neighbour interpolation. Glacier inventory and glacier changes (19942020) in Department of Geology, H.N.B. S2). Red line indicates the linear increasing trend in MAT from 1970 to 2019. 10. Sain, Kalachand 20053) and between 1999 and 2010 (i.e. "coreDisableEcommerce": false, Further, a rate of warming of 0.026Ca1 was observed during 19702019. The previous work done in the UAB is reviewed below. (c) Debris-covered area plotted against the total glacier area. Himalayan glaciers have been shrinking and losing mass rapidly since 1970s with an enhanced rate after 2000. There have been several studies of the larger glaciers in the basin. Fig. He did not cross the col. Such glaciers follow pre-existing valley-shapes and are further divided into compound and simple basin. Our estimates, for the retreat of the same glacier, are 10.41.9ma1 for 19942006 but match well for the second (12.91.2ma1 for 20062020). The Jankar Chhu watershed has 83 debris-covered glaciers, out of 153 glaciers in the basin. Western, Central and Eastern regions). The general behaviour of the glaciers is driven by climate, primarily by temperature and precipitation (Oerlemans and others, Reference Oerlemans1998; Oerlemans, Reference Oerlemans2005). Likewise, Mir and others (Reference Mir, Jain, Jain, Thayyen and Saraf2017) observed area change of debris-covered glaciers to be 14% only in Baspa Basin while clean glacier lost an area of 27% during the studied period. The ambient mean monthly temperature from June was 29C and that in October was ~5C. Dokriani, Satopanth, Bhagirath Kharak, Gangotri, Dunagiri, Tipra and Chorabari are the major glaciers in Garhwal Himalaya undergone field-based mass balance studies prominently (Dobhal et al., 2008, 2013). Table 2. Scatter plots showing the correlation between area loss (%) during the study period (19942020) and non-climatic parameters; (a) glacier area, (b) debris cover %, (c) elevation range, (d) area loss vs aspect. Nainwal and others (Reference Nainwal, Banerjee, Shankar, Semwal and Sharma2016) pointed out that this was not the case and that the inaccuracy of the SOI map was probably because of the difficulty of distinguishing between ice and snow. The E-W trending Satopanth (21.17 sq. The snowline of the UAB glaciers is located at an elevation of ~5300m a.s.l. The GSI inventory provides primary information of glaciers but unfortunately is not available in the digital format (Braithwaite, Reference Braithwaite2009). The field work at Satopanth Glacier was supported by SERB & DST, New Delhi (Grant No. This award was established in 2010 to honor the outstanding work of Dr. Bhagirath Singh, inaugural Scientific Director of the CIHR Institute of Infection and Immunity (III). Combining our results with the previous study in UAB by Bhambri and others (Reference Bhambri, Bolch, Chaujar and Kulshreshtha2011a) we conclude that the total glacierised area has decreased from 1968 to 2020 at a constant fractional rate of ~0.015%a1. The basin covers an area of ~1500km2 and ranges from ~1450m (Vishnuprayag) to 7756m a.s.l. The most frequent glacier aspect is north (n=41), followed by south (n=39), while glaciers facing southeast (65.22.3km2) and southwest (63.22.2km2) have the greatest area (Fig. This will adversely affect the run-off in the major river systems of High Mountain Asia (Bolch, Reference Bolch2017; Immerzeel and others, Reference Immerzeel2020; Azam and others, Reference Azam2021), particularly during periods and years with low precipitation (Pritchard, Reference Pritchard2019). Bhagirath Kharak Glacier Trek. This river makes its way from the banks of one of the holiest Lord Vishnu temples in India i.e. An example of surface ice velocity (SIV) computation on Bhagirath Kharak (CG2) glacier deduced by applying sub-pixel image correlation technique on the repeat Landsat images for the three epochs, i.e., 1993/94, 2000/01, and 2015/16. The extent of debris cover increases with the increasing size of the glacier. Manually demarcated glacier outlines, (a, d) 1994 Landsat TM (1994), (b, e) ASTER (2006) and (c, f) Sentinel-2 (2020) images showing no visible changes in the upper regions of the glaciers. En route of these glaciers enchanting the Vasudhara fall is located. Haritashya, Umesh (a) Mean annual temperature and (b) precipitation, CRU data (19012019). The CRU data for the MAT show that warming rates increased to 0.04Ca1 (for the period 19902020) from 0.001Ca1 (19011990) in UAB. Mana Glacier 17 km; Bhagirath Kharak Glacier (Source of Alaknanda) 17 km; Sahastradhara 18 km; Arwa Peaks 20 km; Satopanth Glacier 21 km; Gangotri National Park 26 km; Balbala Glacier 32 km 180 km 204 km 233 km 269 km 270 km 387 km 489 km 540 km 545 km 553 km; As the name suggests this place is named after Lord Vishnu and this is the point where the gleaming waters of Satopanth and Bhagirath Kharak glacier converge and form the holy river of Alaknanda. Rabatel and others, Reference Rabatel, Dedieu and Vincent2005; Shukla and others, Reference Shukla, Garg, Mehta, Kumar and Shukla2020). All the glaciers of UAB show a loss of area between 1994 and 2020. In total, 32 common control points, such as confluences of streams, intersections of streams and roads, crossed ridges, and prominent peaks and moraines were selected to assess the horizontal accuracy. Red line indicates the linear increasing trend in MAT from 1970 to 2019. Field photographs showing (a) the snout of Satopanth Glacier mapped with the help of DGPS on 7 October 2020, (b, c) the presence of dead ice mound, water pond and outwash plan in the vicinity of Satopanth Glacier, (d) the frontal part of Bhagirath Kharak Glacier (mapped on 6 October 2020) and associated dead ice (photos: A. Mishra 2020). Table 5. Therefore, we could expect the difference in retreat rates being due to different demarcation of parallel flow lines used for length change or retreat estimation. Koblet and others, Reference Koblet2010; Bhambri and others, Reference Bhambri, Bolch and Chaujar2012). Such glaciers are defined as cirque glaciers, hanging glaciers and mountain glaciers (Fig. These previous studies, however, do not assess the characteristics of the individual glaciers in the basin. Parts of the work were conducted in the framework of the project Understanding and quantifying the transient dynamics and evolution of debris-covered glaciers funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation (Grant No. Das and Sharma (Reference Das and Sharma2018) reported the glaciers in Jankar Chhu watershed, Chandrabhaga (Chenab) Basin, had lost area at a rate of 0.160.1%a1 during 19892016. Overall, while there are inconsistencies in case of a few individual glaciers, all the studies indicate that the glaciers in the region are retreating with varying rates and that these rates have on average increased in the past decade. To map the glacier boundaries on the basis of satellite images, the recommendations of Global Land Ice Measurements from Space (GLIMS) initiative were followed (Paul and others, Reference Paul2009, Reference Paul2015; Racoviteanu and others, Reference Racoviteanu, Paul, Raup, Khalsa and Armstrong2009). (b) Distribution of glacier number and glacierised area at different orientations. Near this glacier Vasudhara Falls is situated. This may be due to the fact that only 24 glaciers were accounted. Our estimates of the retreat rates of Tara (10) and Khuliya Garvya (18) glaciers are in generally in agreement with the results reported by Garg and others (Reference Garg, Shukla and Jasrotia2017). The comparative analysis of glacier area changes of UAB with other Himalayan basins has been done on the basis of time window and used satellite data; and indicates that the glaciers in UAB have shrunk at rates analogous to those of the other studies. A study of the Satopanth glacier in order to model the melting of debris . For the glacier inventory, contiguous ice masses were separated into glaciers based on the HMA DEM, using hydrologic functions in ArcGIS and further checked and adjusted using shaded relief map and Google Earth 3-D views (Racoviteanu and others, Reference Racoviteanu, Paul, Raup, Khalsa and Armstrong2009; Bolch and others, Reference Bolch, Menounos and Wheate2010b; Das and Sharma, Reference Das and Sharma2018). km) respectively. Glaciers with larger elevation ranges will tend to have larger areas and consequently it is not surprising that the loss rate decreases with the increasing elevation range. On the contrary, the loss rate of the NW and NE facing glaciers was 0.130.11 and 0.150.11%a1 respectively. In our present work, the rate of area loss at the frontal parts for 19942020 was found to be 0.00520.022 and 0.00610.033km2a1. This trip included a three-day foray up Bhagirath Kharak Glacier, one of the largest in the area, to climb a remote 5400 m peak where Gansser & Heim had camped and taken very valuable photographs of the upper reaches of the glacier. 5. The river system of UAB has a general orientation in north-south direction and its river tributaries and sub-catchments mostly have an east-west trend. 11a). HCN and RS supervised the research work. We hope that our data analysis results will motivate modellers to develop physically based models which will eventually result in reliable future projections at a basin scale. 12d). While only 10 of the 198 glaciers have an area of more than 10km2, they occupy ~50% of the total glacierised area. These regions have different climatic and topographic settings. Garg and others (Reference Garg, Shukla and Jasrotia2017) report a rate of 0.6%a1 during 19942015 based on 18 glaciers in the Central Himalaya, similar to our results. Several glaciers fragmented during the study period; in such cases, the total fragmented area was used to estimate the area change. We find that . We used different multi-temporal remote-sensing data 19942020 for glacier mapping detailed in Table 1. 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The field debris thickness of SPG (2015-2017) is compared with the elevation change (2000-2017). We do this to contribute to the understanding of the complex processes of the dynamics of the collection of glaciers in the UAB in a rapidly changing climate. The shrinkage is, however, quite heterogeneous and it is important to document individual glacier characteristics and their changes at the basin scale. started after 1976 .In 1962 the length of Satopanth and Bhagirath Kharak glacier was 14.29 km and 19.17 km respectively.
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