France was ruled by monarchs from the establishment of the Kingdom of West Francia in 843 until the end of the Second French Empire in 1870, with several interruptions. Over time, they succeeded. At the time of his accession, the royal palaces of France were ornamented with only a scattering of great paintings, and not a single sculpture, not ancient nor modern. The Valois line died out in the late 16th century, during the French Wars of Religion, to be replaced by the distantly related House of Bourbon, which descended through the Direct Capetian Louis IX. He was backed up first by the great ministers Jean-Baptiste Colbert, marquis de Louvois, and Hugues de Lionne, among whom he fostered dissension, and later by men of lesser capacity. Philip II was crowned on 1 November 1179. List of French monarchs From top; left to right: Robert I, Hugh Capet, Louis IX, Francis I, Henry IV, Louis XIV, Louis XVI, Napoleon I, Napoleon III Family tree of Frankish and French monarchs (509-1870) Charles X was crowned on 29 May 1825, an unsuccessful attempt to revive the old monarchical traditions. He was married to Marie Antoinette and was executed for treason by guillotine in 1793. From 21 January 1793 to 8 June 1795, Louis XVI's son Louis-Charles was titled King of France as Louis XVII. His shyness kept him distant from her in private, and his fear of her manipulation made him cold to her in public. Because neither Hugh nor Philip were sole or senior king in their own lifetimes, they are not traditionally listed as kings of France and are not given ordinals. Ruled from the start of the Frankish Kingdom in 486 to 1870. Robert Wilde is a historian who writes about European history. The largest of Francis' building projects was the reconstruction and expansion of the Chteau de Fontainebleau, which quickly became his favourite place of residence, as well as the residence of his official mistress, Anne, Duchess of tampes. Later, the drama will be available on Netflix on June 25 at 12 am . This marked the second time the thrones of Navarre and France were united under one monarch; as different inheritance laws had caused them to become separated during the events of the Hundred Years Wars. Author of. Louis had failed to address France's financial problems, instigating the French Revolution that eventually descended upon him. [26] In 1541, Francis sent Jean-Franois de Roberval to settle Canada and to provide for the spread of "the Holy Catholic faith. This article was most recently revised and updated by Amy Tikkanen. In 1524, Francis assisted the citizens of Lyon in financing the expedition of Giovanni da Verrazzano to North America. The earliest group of Franks that rose to prominence was the Salian Merovingians, who conquered most of Roman Gaul, as well as the Gaulish territory of the Visigothic Kingdom, in 507 AD. It is said that "he died complaining about the weight of a crown that he had first perceived as a gift from God". [27] In 1529, Jean Parmentier, on board the Sacre and the Pense, reached Sumatra. He and his family were brought back to Paris, and he lost all credibility as a monarch. Although Francis did not receive a humanist education, he was more influenced by humanism than any previous French king. Louis XVIII was reinstalled as king on 7 July. Francis I surrendered any claims to Naples and Milan in Italy. ed. This line has come down in history famously as "All is lost save honour. Nevertheless, it endured for many years, since it served the objective interests of both parties. . The first was Franoise de Foix, Countess of Chteaubriant. The French Revolution swept away the monarch and killed their king and queen; the Terror which followed the twisting of the revolutionary ideals was in no sense an improvement. Omissions? He is one of the most prominent figures of the late 5th and early 6th century. However, the young child's reign was entirely fictional, as he was residing in Austria with his mother. For later Frankish and German emperors, see. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. He struggled with himself for two years over his love for Mazarins niece, Marie Mancini. ThoughtCo. [1], In keeping with his predecessors, Francis continued the Italian Wars. (UPDATE) PARIS: Governments should stop cracking down on porn websites and instead take pride in sexual expression and help to make porn normal and "boring," the new owner of Pornhub told Agence France-Presse. Son of Louis X, Crowned on Birth, died aged 5 days only. At age 15 (in May 1770), Louis married the 14 year-old Habsburg Archduchess Maria Antonia (Marie Antoinette), his second cousin once removed, in an arranged marriage. King Charles III Brings Back Trooping Tradition, Your Privacy Choices: Opt Out of Sale/Targeted Ads, Name: Louis XVI, Birth Year: 1754, Birth date: August 23, 1754, Birth City: Versailles, Birth Country: France. Corrections? The kingship passed through patrilineally from father to son until the 14th century, a period known as Direct Capetian rule. From the 14th century down to 1801, the English (and later British) monarch claimed the throne of France, though such claim was purely nominal excepting a short period during the Hundred Years' War when Henry VI of England had control over most of Northern France, including Paris. It is believed the couple did not consummate their marriage for some time, having their first child eight years after their wedding. Francis I and Henry VIII", House of Valois, Orlans-Angoulme branch, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francis_I_of_France&oldid=1161045000, Clough, C.H. Queen Isabella II of Spain Was a Controversial Ruler, Female European Historical Figures: 1500 - 1945, The Four Marriages of King Philip II of Spain, Industry and Agriculture History in Europe, M.A., Medieval Studies, Sheffield University, B.A., Medieval Studies, Sheffield University, 879882 Louis III (joint with Carloman below), 879884 Carloman (joint with Louis III above, until 882), 888898 Eudes (also Odo) of Paris (non-Carolingian), 923936 Raoul (also Rudolf, non-Carolingian), 936954 Louis IV (d'Outremer or The Foreigner), 13801422 Charles VI (the Mad, Well-Beloved, or Foolish), 14221461 Charles VII (the Well-Served or Victorious), 14831498 Charles VIII (Father of his People), 17951799 Paul Franois Jean Nicolas de Barras, 17951799 Louis Marie La Revellere-Lpeaux, 17951797 Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot, 17971799 Philippe Antoine Merlin de Douai, 17981799 Jean Baptiste Comte de Treilhard, 2nd Consul: 1799 Emmanuel Joseph Comte de Sieys, 18481852 Louis Napoleon (later Napoleon III), 18701871 Louis Jules Trochu (provisional). Louis XII, distrustful of Francis, did not allow him to dabble in affairs of state but sent him off at the age of 18 to the frontiers, which had been attacked in force. Today the town lies in the department of Charente. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. The chronology of Head of State of France continues with the Presidents of France. 1350-64 . It was founded and ruled by Napoleon I. The alliance has been called "the first nonideological diplomatic alliance of its kind between a Christian and non-Christian empire". Internationally, in a series of wars between 1667 and 1697, he extended Frances eastern borders at the expense of the Habsburgs and then, in the War of the Spanish Succession (170114), engaged a hostile European coalition in order to secure the Spanish throne for his grandson. Hugh Capet, King of France. Please select which sections you would like to print: Also known as: Le Roi Soleil, Louis le Grand, Louis le Grand Monarque, Louis the Grand Monarch, Louis the Great, The Sun King, Head, Artistic Exchange Department, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Paris, 194668. His death, however, was followed by a 3-year-long civil war that ended with the Treaty of Verdun. For kings before 843, see, House of Bonaparte, First French Empire (18041814), House of Bourbon-Orlans, July Monarchy (18301848), House of Bonaparte, Second French Empire (18521870). 1 The Carolingians ruled from 741 to 986, the Capets from 987 to 1322. He would later be overthrown during the events of the Franco-Prussian War, becoming the last monarch to rule France. Louis XVI was the last king of France (177492) in the line of Bourbon monarchs preceding the French Revolution of 1789. The young king also acquired Mazarins partiality for the arts, elegance, and display. "The Rulers of France: From 840 Until 2017." The course weaves through France throughout the month of July and is scheduled to wrap up in Champs-Elysees, Paris on July 23. . We would like to show you a description here but the site won't allow us. All this prompted King Francis to declare, "The sun shines for me as it does for others. Louis XVI's early foreign policy success was supporting the American colonies' fight for independence from France's archenemy Great Britain in the American Revolutionary War. He constructed the Chteau de Madrid in the Bois de Boulogne and rebuilt the Chteau de Saint-Germain-en-Laye. The Valois dynasty would fight the Hundred Years War with England and, at times, looked like they were losing their thrones, and then found themselves facing religious division. By June, the Third Estate declared itself the National Assembly, aligned with the bourgeoisie and set out to develop a constitution. Shortly before his death, Louis XII married him to Claude, his 15-year-old daughter. He talked of reform but resisted demands for it. [51] He has been since played by Claude Garry (1910), William Powell (1922), Aim Simon-Girard (1937), Sacha Guitry (1937), Grard Oury (1953), Jean Marais (1955), Pedro Armendriz (1956), Claude Titre (1962), Bernard Pierre Donnadieu (1990), Timothy West (1998), and Emmanuel Leconte (20072010). [18] Francis recognised the independence of the Duchy of Burgundy, which had been part of France since the death of Charles the Bold in 1477. Suspicions of treason led to the capture of the royal palace and the temporary suspension of the kings powers. During this The French Revolution began in. Francis was driven by his intense eagerness for retaking Milan, despite the strong opposition of other Powers. He once narrowly escaped drowning in a pond because no one was watching him. Man wanted on Jan. 6 charges arrested with . Louis XIV succeeded his father as king of France on May 14, 1643, at the age of four years eight months. Phillip II would be the first monarch to officially adopt the title "King of France," leaving behind the old moniker, King of the Franks. Despite the use of pensions and punishments, the monarchy had been unable to subdue the nobles, who had started 11 civil wars in 40 years. 1. He is the author of the History in an Afternoon textbook series. Some of his tutors, such as Franois de Moulins de Rochefort[fr] (his Latin instructor, who later during the reign of Francis was named Grand Aumnier de France) and Christophe de Longueil (a Brabantian humanist), were attracted by these new ways of thinking and attempted to influence Francis. Popular and scholarly historical memory ignores his building of so many fine chateaux, his stunning art collection, and his lavish patronage of scholars and artists. Hugh Capet is generally considered the first king of France but it took him and his descendants to fight and expand, and fight and survive, to begin to turn a small kingdom into great France. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. [49], The amorous exploits of Francis inspired the 1832 play by Fanny Kemble, Francis the First, and the 1832 play by Victor Hugo, Le Roi s'amuse ("The King's Amusement"), which featured the jester Triboulet, the inspiration for the 1851 opera Rigoletto by Giuseppe Verdi.[50]. Francis joined the League in May 1526, in the War of the League of Cognac of 152630. By July 1789, he was forced to acknowledge the National Assembly's authority. Updates? Together with his sister, he visited her in Tarascon.[11][12]. House of Valois 1. Francis II was crowned on 18 September 1559. ", Letters and Papers of the Reign of Henry VIII, X, no.450, "The Ottoman Empire and its successors, 18011922. The family consolidated its power in the 8th century, eventually making the offices of mayor of the palace and dux et princeps Francorum hereditary and becoming the real powers behind the Merovingian kings. In the early years of his reign, Louis XVI focused on religious uniformity and foreign policy. The longest ruling King was Louis XIV, the Sun King , who . Not only did Francis support a number of major writers of the period, but he was also a poet himself, if not one of particular abilities. In August 843 AD, the Treaty of Verdun divided Francia into three kingdoms, one of which (Middle Francia) was short-lived; the other two evolved into France (West Francia) and, eventually, Germany (East Francia). The Merovingian kings began as chieftains. Grandson of Philip III. Giraudon/Art Resource, New York. This time Francis managed to hold off the forces of CharlesV and HenryVIII. On May 10, 1774, Louis Auguste became Louis XVI upon the death of his grandfather, Louis XV. As a result, he presented himself as being very indecisive. Wilde, Robert. By the mid-1780s the country was near bankruptcy, which forced the king to support radical fiscal reforms not favorable with the nobles or the people. Ambitious for glory and urged on by turbulent young nobles, he made sure of peace with his neighbours, entrusted the regency to his mother, and galloped off to Italy. Henry was likewise determined to recapture northern France, which Francis could never allow. Every time I create an appointment, I create a hundred malcontents and one ingrate. Although the royal numbering starts with Louis, he was not a king of France but the heir to an empire which covered much of central Europe. Henry V History.com Editors Updated: Nov 6, 2019 Original: Nov 9, 2009 The Print Collector/Getty Images Contents Henry V: The Warrior-Prince Henry V: A Pious King Prepares for War Henry. A French king had to be a soldier, and so Louis served his apprenticeship on the battlefield. Hugh was elected and crowned king on 1 June 987, in. These Royal Family Feuds Are Full of Drama, Camillas Coronation Crown Courts Controversy, The 20 Best Books About Queen Elizabeth II, The Love Story of Queen Charlotte and King George. Charles, in fact, brashly challenged Francis to single combat multiple times. On Jan. 1, 1515, at the age of 20, Francis became king of France. But upon their deaths, according to Frankish custom, the kingdom would often be split once again between their sons. He also invited architect Sebastiano Serlio, who enjoyed a fruitful late career in France. [15], Francis suffered his most devastating defeat at the Battle of Pavia on 24 February 1525, during part of the continuing Italian Wars known as the Four Years' War. We may earn commission from links on this page, but we only recommend products we back. He succeeded because he faithfully reflected the mood of a France overflowing with youth and vigour and enamoured of grandeur. [9] Under Charles the Great (r. 768814), better known as "Charlemagne", the Frankish kingdom expanded deep into Central Europe, conquering Italy and most of modern Germany. The republican government itself went through several changes in form and constitution until France was declared an empire following the ascension of the First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte as Emperor Napoleon I. Napoleon himself would be overthrown twice following military defeats during the Napoleonic Wars. The construction of a new port was urgently needed in order to replace the ancient harbours of Honfleur and Harfleur, whose utility had decreased due to silting. Francis came to learn chivalry, dancing, and music, and he loved archery, falconry, horseback riding, hunting, jousting, real tennis and wrestling. Francis poured vast amounts of money into new structures. His first son, Francis II, died in his minority. The king informed his astonished ministers that he intended to assume all responsibility for ruling the kingdom. Philip's reign was dominated by the consequences of a succession dispute. 2 Louis XVII, son of Louis XVI, was nominally king while in prison 1793-95. His academic education had been in arithmetic, geography, grammar, history, reading, spelling, and writing and he became proficient in Hebrew, Italian, Latin and Spanish. Francis I formed a brilliant and scholarly court at which poets, musicians, and learned men mingled with rough noblemen from the provinces whom idleness was making dangerous. King The Land episode 3 will air on June 24 at 10.30 pm KST/9.30 am ET on JTBC. The Valois line would rule France until the line became extinct in 1589, in the backdrop of the French Wars of Religion. Francis employed agents in Italy to look for rare books and manuscripts, just as he had agents looking for artworks. The title "King of the Franks" was in use until the reign of Philip II. With his sister Marguerite, he was raised by his mother, who had been widowed at the age of 20 and whom he deeply revered; he knelt whenever he spoke to her. "Francois I, hoping that Morocco would open up to France as easily as Mexico had to Spain, sent a commission, half commercial and half diplomatic, which he confided to one Pierre de Piton. Tom Sanders and Jasper King Friday 30 Jun 2023 4:17 pm. Rollo: First ruler of Normandy This Viking leader, whose origins were either Danish or Norwegian, began conducting raids on France in the ninth century. The two houses fought the Hundred Years War to enforce their claims; the Valois were ultimately successful, and French historiography counts their leaders as rightful kings. Charles V Archives Photographiques, Paris Charles V (born 1337, ruled 1364-80) was called Charles the Wise. Divisions in Christianity in Western Europe during Francis' reign created lasting international rifts. Fontainebleau, for instance, had a gushing fountain in its courtyard where quantities of wine were mixed with the water. This is in the 20minutes between Charles X's formal signature of abdication and the Dauphin's own signature.Henri d'Artois, Charles X's grandson, is said by monarchists to be the King of France, as Henry V from 2 August 1830 to 9 August 1830. Henry III was crowned on 13 February 1575. Louis VIII (the Lion) - 14th July 1223 - 8th November 1226. This victory at Marignano allowed Francis to capture the Italian city-state of Milan. Clovis I was the first of these to rise to true kingship. Henry IV was crowned on 27 February 1594. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. The pomp of the Reims coronation, the sumptuous cortege of the solemn entry into Paris, and the lavish feasts revealed his love of ceremony and also pleased the people of Paris, who had been disheartened by a long succession of morose and sickly sovereigns. In 1539, in his castle in Villers-Cotterts,[37] Francis signed the important edict known as Ordinance of Villers-Cotterts, which, among other reforms, made French the administrative language of the kingdom as a replacement for Latin. Wilde, Robert. Francis toured France tirelessly, showing himself to people who had never seen a king. Called St. Louis, Louis IX was one of the most virtuous and heroic kings of France. In a watershed moment in European diplomacy, Francis came to an understanding with the Ottoman Empire that developed into a Franco-Ottoman alliance. Initially, Francis was relatively tolerant of the new movement, despite burning several heretics at the Place Maubert in 1523. Louis XIV, king of France (16431715), ruled his country, principally from his great palace at Versailles, during one of the countrys most brilliant periods.