The two other characters are detectives who are trying to unravel the mystery of the murder which was committed by our main guy! Pringle C. R. Herpes Simplex Virus Infections. All formulations were blue due to copper sulfate. Additionally, topically applied copper sulfate and hypericum perforatum were found to be efficacious in vivo in the treatment of herpes skin lesions [13]. FlexiThix (2-pyrrolidinone-1-ethenyl homopolymer) was received as a free sample from ISP Technologies, Inc. (Wayne, NJ). The maximum torque values (Mo) were obtained from the peak of the torque-time data for each formulation (Fig. Copyright 2023 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. It can be concluded from the results that the antibacterial activity of zinc sulfate was higher than that of copper sulfate against the tested microorganisms (Figure 3). The water phase was warmed to 7580C until all ingredients were dissolved. It is known that the larger the zone of inhibition, the more potent the antimicrobial agent. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). It is the result of the van der Waals attraction that is The molecular mechanism of its therapeutic effect was found to be the drastic inactivation of free virus in skin tissues, intercellular vesicles, and blisters [15]. Stability. Consequently, attention has been devoted to safe, new, and/or alternative antimicrobial materials in the field of antimicrobial chemotherapy. Antimicrobial activity of the selected cream (C1) containing copper sulfate and zinc sulfate in various concentrations against (a) Escherichia coli and (b) Staphylococcus aureus (n = 3, results are shown as mean SD) (p = 0.05). Uniterms: Lip balm. National Library of Medicine Bio-based alternatives to volatile silicones: Relationships between chemical structure, physicochemical properties and functional performances. The apparatus consists of wooden block with a pulley at one end. In this study, we demonstrated a method for quantitative Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. The frequency of formation of empty patches and their size, which are a manifestation of jamming as the particles are spread, are analysed for several gap heights. The probe then withdrew from the sample at the speed of 5.00 mm/s. In the first step, the two active ingredients' antibacterial activity was measured individually and combined against E. coli and S. aureus. You know what is the best? KloverHarris is Constantly Innovative in its Business Solutions to Clients for Maximum Benefits Bukola IABC 2023 Awards: African Communicators Win Big, Coronation Leverages WTT Contender Tournament in its Corporate Sponsorship Drive to Grow Nigerias GDP, Emirates Airline Unveils New Closed Loop Recycling Initiative to Reduce Plastic, INEC Disagrees with APC Candidate Tinubu on BVAS Comment at Chatham House. Surprisingly, it was found that the friction test could be used alone to predict all the measured sensory properties with statistical models. A difference was considered statistically significant when p < 0.05. Epub 2021 Aug 2. The oil phase was prepared by melting the waxes at 75C and mixing the ingredients uniformly. Sierra M., Sanhueza A., Alcntara R., Snchez G. Antimicrobial evaluation of copper sulfate (II) on strains of. Kollidon 90F (poly vinylpyrrolidone, PVP) was obtained from BASF (Ludwigshafen, Germany). Mueller-Hinton (MH) agar medium was prepared according to the manufacturer's instructions and autoclaved for 20 minutes at 20psi. Using the methods presented here, lipstick formulations may be more rapidly developed and optimized. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. The UEFA Champions League (UCL) final is a highly anticipated event that captivates football enthusiasts worldwide. The pH of the formulations decreased when the active ingredients were added to the bases. Thus in these studies, equivalence in spreadability to within 20% as determined via the vane method was shown not to be necessary for products to be bioequivalent. Stability of product and of the antibacterial activity was studied for 12 weeks at two different temperatures in two different containers. The two metal salts had a synergistic activity when combined in the creams and gels, which was also confirmed by our study. During the formulation process, the quality, appearance, and stability of many creams and gels were affected by the highly reactive metal ions. the contents by NLM or the National Institutes of Health. B., Jr., Feldman S. R., Krowchuk D. P. Characterization of diaper dermatitis in the United States. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help A., Al-Nuaimy A. HPMC: hypromellose; BHT: butylated hydroxytoluene. Accessibility The pattern of forces involved in such a test is complex but usually the maximum force required to accomplish extrusion and the total work of extrusion is measured as an index of textural quality. Despite the methods described above, flowability is considered as a primary factor in the evaluation of the powders ability Objective. The in vitro antibacterial activity of the formulated products was also compared to commercial products available for the treatment of diaper rash and cold sores. Adequate amount of sample is taken between two glass slides and a weight of 100gm is applied on the slides for 5 minutes. Zapisz moje dane, adres e-mail i witryn w przegldarce aby wypeni dane podczas pisania kolejnych komentarzy. o), yield stress ( Composition of the topical cream formulations. In the case of G3 and G4, precipitation or aggregation of the polymers was observed when the active ingredients were added to the 5% HPMC gel. The cream formulation contained oily components, which are immiscible with water and may slow down the diffusion of the drugs from the cream base. Extrusion tests have been applied to butter, margarine and other fats in an attempt to measure firmness and spreadability. All Right Reserved. Zinc sulfate heptahydrate, Carbomer 940, refined corn oil, almond oil sweet, lecithin soya granular, glycerin, and propylene glycol were purchased from Letco Medical (Decatur, AL). is that it is easy and fast to learn. The explanation for this is that the amount of water used in these gels was not enough to dissolve the crystalline actives and keep the gelling agent dispersed. WebMeasure Spreadability | Texture Analyser Test How to Measure Spreadability SPREADABILITY is the ease with which a product can be spread. Furthermore, the friction test can be used to sufficiently predict four important lipstick sensory attributes: spreadability, stickiness, opacity and gloss. Soybean oil, Cithrol GMS 40 (glyceryl stearate), Arlacel 165 (a mixture of glyceryl stearate and PEG-100 stearate), Tween 60, and Span 80 were received as free samples from Croda, Inc. (Edison, NJ). Statistical analysis of data was performed using one-way ANOVA (Tukey's post hoc test). Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Epub 2015 Jun 26. Bioequivalence of topical dermatological dosage forms-methods of evaluation of bioequivalence. WebExtrusion tests have been applied to butter, margarine and other fats in an attempt to measure firmness and spreadability. WebResults of the new test are repeatable and reproducible. The vane method has been shown to be a sensitive measure of structural differences of topical formulations. The minimum effective concentration in vitro was found to be 3% for both active ingredients. Copper is well known for its antimicrobial properties. Homogeneity and texture were tested by pressing a small quantity of the formulated cream and gels between the thumb and index finger. Based on the overall evaluation for physical appearance and immediate skin feel, C1 was selected as the final formulation for further testing. (4) Viscosity Measurement. The site is secure. Topical skin infections commonly occur and often present therapeutic challenges to practitioners, despite the numerous existing antimicrobial agents available today. 8600 Rockville Pike Statistical analysis was done by Anova. In forward extrusion, the sample is also placed in a container with an open top. You can look it up on the internet or contact me with any questions. Studies have shown that zinc and copper salts exhibit inactivation of HSV both in vivo and in vitro [1013]. MCT: medium chain triglycerides; HPMC: hypromellose; BHT: butylated hydroxytoluene. Inclusion in an NLM database does not imply endorsement of, or agreement with, This is certainly acceptable so long as you always test within the same size container, in order to make a comparison. Triethanolamine was purchased from Making Cosmetics (Snoqualmie, WA). Additionally, the main function, that is, antibacterial activity of all formulations, remained stable for the tested time period, which is promising. Comparative Efficiency of The FDA will usually not request additional bioequivalence testing for solution formulations that are Q1 and Q2 equivalent. Sagripanti J.-L., Routson L. B., Bonifacino A. C., Lytle C. D. Mechanism of copper-mediated inactivation of herpes simplex virus. Comparative Efficiency of Propylene Glycol and Polyethylene Glycol in Enhancing Percutaneous Absorption and Release of a Drug Through Silicone Membrane and Rat Skin The correlation between the coefficient of friction and the measured sensory properties is explained by the balance of adhesive and cohesive properties of the lipstick. Many of our formulations were affected by the metal ions, which resulted in precipitation, phase separation, color change, and other forms of instability. Accessibility The rheology of semi-solids is sensitive to changes in the microstructure and is potentially able to detect Q3 differences. This indicated that the antibacterial activity of copper sulfate and zinc sulfate increased against E. coli and S. aureus as the concentration of the actives was increased. In the case of G1, similar results were seen. Subscribe my Newsletter for new blog posts, tips & new photos. To be considered optimal in this study, a gel (1) had to be homogenous without showing signs of physical or chemical instability; (2) had to be able to dissolve and keep the active ingredients in a dissolved form without precipitating or aggregating; and (3) had to have a high enough viscosity not to flow off the skin during/after application. a sterile cotton swab was dipped into the suspension and streaked over the surface of the agar plates. Design and analysis of bioavailability and bioequivalence studies. Going forward: spreadability assessment. The turbidity of the suspension was adjusted to a 0.5 McFarland standard by adding more microorganism if the suspension was too light or diluting with sterile saline if the suspension was too heavy. The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the National Science Foundation/Research Experience for Undergraduates (Grant DMR-0097692) and the University of Kentucky, College of Pharmacy Summer Undergraduate Research Program. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Mahajan B. Spreadability test of gel formulations | Download Scientific The brand endorsements and partnerships that Hilda Baci has been getting before, during and after her longest cooking marathon that 2020 - brandiq.com.ng. Sixty mL of the cooled agar medium was poured onto the prepared 150 15mm petri dish. Despite the methods described above, flowability is considered as a primary factor in the evaluation of the powders ability to be conveyed through the different parts of the system (hopper, feeder, conveying pipes). Out of these four samples, only G5 provided an optimal gel. The performance properties were evaluated with a friction FORMULATION & EVALAUTION OF MULTIPURPOSE CREAM AGCOP,SATARA Page 7 MATERIAL AND METHODS:5,6 Table 2: Plants used for preparation of herbal cream. The standard weight applied to the upper plate was 25g. Each formulation was tested three times. In powder bed additive manufacturing, the formation of thin layers is critical. Spreadability was calculated using the spreadability apparatus made of wooden board with scale and two glass slides having two pans on both sides mounted on a pulley. This instrument is commonly used to take physical measurements because it is relatively affordable, straightforward to use and performs tests in relatively quick timeusually in less than one minute. Only two polymers, namely, carrageenan and HPMC, proved to be optimal gelling agents for the metallic active ingredients used. The .gov means its official. G5 met all our requirements; therefore this formulation was selected for further testing. Level the surface using a flat knife. The correlation of these spreadability differences with in vivo performance, may be used to help establish reasonable acceptance limits for the use of the vane method as part of the evaluation of Q3 equivalence of generic topical products. Xanthan gum, guar gum, methylparaben, propylparaben, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), and citric acid monohydrate were obtained from Spectrum Chemical (Gardena, CA). Going forward: spreadability assessment. Padmavathy N., Vijayaraghavan R. Enhanced bioactivity of ZnO nanoparticlesan antimicrobial study. It is one of the most common dermatological conditions encountered in babies while using diapers [5] and is estimated to occur in 735% of babies between the ages of 9 and 12 months [6]. Adequate amount of sample is taken between two glass slides and a weight of 100gm is applied on the slides for 5 minutes. Before Q1A - Q1F Stability These rheological flow tests were carried out on a Brookfield RV DV III+Digital Rheometer using a Brookfield cone (CPE 52) and plate apparatus. All formulations maintained their blue color and intensity of color for 12 weeks in all storage conditions. Zinc sulfate has been studied in vivo in a number of diseases, including warts [25], herpes genitalis [26], pityriasis versicolor [18], and acne vulgaris [27] in varying concentrations. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help M08-372-F1116 Trigger Point: RangeResolution Model Grams Grams CT3-1000.1-100.01 CT3-10000.2-1000.10 Can any one please tell how to stop Vitiligo from spreading all over the body, Q. Penetration test on maintained and equilibrated samples was performed using a texture analyzer TA-XT2i of 50 N (Stable Micro Systems, Ltd, UK). The average Mo value of Formulation D exceeded the maximum torque of the rheometer (7.19104N m; dotted line); this formulation had the greatest yield stress (lowest spreadability). When you've taken a first look at extrusion testing, why not ask for some more information Our expert technical sales team will show you the capabilities of our instruments, See additional options to measure more data in the same time, Enhance the use of the Texture Analyser across all areas of testing. A vane, used in the vane method, with blade height of H and blade diameter of d with the height (h) of vane immersed in a fluid. Sharquie K. E., Noaimi A. An official website of the United States government. Results showed that the cream and both gels had a cosmetically appealing appearance and smooth texture, and they were all homogenous with no signs of phase separation. The appearance, viscosity, and skin feel provided by G1 was considered better for a topical gel; therefore, it was selected for further testing. The emulsion was cooled to room temperature to form a semisolid cream base. Next, the selected cream and gel formulations containing both active ingredients in a series of concentrations (including 0, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, and 3% of each ingredient) were tested for antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus to evaluate their effective concentration. Its development is multifactorial, including skin wetness, friction, skin irritants, and pH change, which favors the growth of microorganisms including Candida, Staphylococcus, and Streptococcus [7]. Spreadability was calculated using the The size of the orifice or grid selected is dependent upon the product being measured and the textural property of interest. I have helped people with headaches, back problems, breathing problems, assisted in relieving pain for people with severe cancer etc. This procedure was repeated three times; (Tukey's post hoc test). The mixture was then cooled to room temperature and preserved with paraben concentrate. The test was performed by lowering the probe at the pre-test speed to the product surface. When using ()-carrageenan, xanthan gum, and guar gum, the powder polymers were dispersed in 75C warm deionized water with stirring. Int J Toxicol. Find out more about the texture and physical properties you could measure Vienna CourtLammas RoadGodalmingSurrey GU7 1YLUnited Kingdom, Detailed information and specifications to help you choose the right products, Get in touch with one of our Texture Experts, The latest news, research, software updates and more straight to your inbox, Keep up to date with our weekly blog posts, We are the world leaders let us show you the possibilities with texture analysis, Measure the physical properties of materials and industrial products. The spreadability was measured by slip and drag of gel. National Library of Medicine The probe produced an additional deformation of 1 mm of the sample at the test speed of 0.50 mm/s after coming in contact with the surface and sensing the trigger force. Inclusion in an NLM database does not imply endorsement of, or agreement with, Antimicrobial activity of copper sulfate and zinc sulfate solutions in various concentrations against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus (n = 3, results shown as mean SD) (p = 0.05). In addition to the creams, eighteen different gels (G1G18) were formulated using eight different gelling agents. With a properly planned and conducted follow-up study using additional microorganismspreferably fungi, bacteria, and virusesthe true antimicrobial activity of the products could be evaluated, and a more realistic comparison could be made. Flow curves for these formulations were constructed by discharging 0.5mL of each formulation onto the center of the plate. The results of the friction test classified the lipsticks into four groups, which were termed oily, creamy, waxy and sticky; these classifications were also evident in the other laboratory test data. ScienceDirect is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. A simple method for assessing powder spreadability for additive manufacturing, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2020.04.033. We propose a simple technique for assessing the powder spreadability, a measure of the ease with which a powder is spread uniformly without the formation of The analysis of spreadability is one such method that can help assess bioequivalence of formulations that are qualitatively (Q1) and quantitatively (Q2) equivalent. o) and viscosity () from flow curves and vane method (mean1SD; n=3). A glass slide was fixed on wooden block and approximately one gram of gel was sandwiched between the two 5 20 cm glass The inoculated agar plate was incubated at 37C for 18 hours. This work aims to official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Twj adres e-mail nie zostanie opublikowany. Web4 1 Emulsion Formation, Stability, and Rheology 1.1.5 Flocculation This process refers to aggregation of the droplets (without any change in primary droplet size) into larger units. Shah V. P. Progress in methodologies for evaluating bioequivalence of topical formulations. Web Fill the four lower cones (female cones) with the sample using a spatula. 2011 Jun;33(3):245-50. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2494.2010.00621.x. This slope of the curves gives the viscosity of the fluid at each shear rate. This article details how the spreadability test is performed using a texture analyzer. Besides, the spreadability test was also done by spreading the lip balm on the top of the glass slide, and any deformation or breakdown that happened was evaluated as tested by Kadu et al. Torque vs. time curves are used to determine yield stress where Mo is the maximum torque exerted on the vane by the fluid. One reason that the back extrusion technique is more popular compared to forward extrusion is that you need not perform this test in the containers which are provided by Stable Micro Systems. With 20% of the innovators mean as the definition of equivalence, only formulation A was determined to be Q3 (structural) equivalent. Rates of shear were found to vary from approximately 400 to 2500 sec.1 depending on the consistency of the preparation being spread; a rheological master curve was