individual and collective grievancesindividual and collective grievances

30 days to slow the spread. Some authors argue that virtually all 'radical' groups define themselves around social or political grievances (Doosje et al., 2016; Peterka-Benton and Benton, 2014). The coronavirus pandemic has wreaked havoc on many of these rituals. The illness has also decimated the normal grief support systems that people rely on after a loss. There is no specific statutory provision relating to collective grievances, and the Acas Code of Practice on disciplinary and grievance procedures does not apply to a collective grievance. Kendra Cherry, MS, is a psychosocial rehabilitation specialist, psychology educator, and author of the "Everything Psychology Book.". He argues that the politicization of certain criminal groups such as al-Qaeda (AQ) serves the criminalization of many other political resistance movements that may employ violent means, such as the Palestinian Hamas. Try to listen without judgment or criticism. Email: This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License (, PIV, politico-ideological violence, grievances, radicalization, terrorism, Analysing a world in motion: Global flows meet criminology of the other, Producing internal suspect bodies: Divisive effects of UK counter-terrorism measures on Muslim communities in Leeds and Bradford, Bringing grievances back in: Towards an alternative understanding of the rise of the Moro Islamic Liberation Front in the Philippines, The Handbook of the Criminology of Terrorism, Mapping criminological engagements within radicalization studies, Palestinian resistance and suicide bombing, Leaving peace for war: An exploratory study of Swiss mens trajectories toward engagement in Arab conflicts, Islam and Political Violence: Muslim Diaspora and Radicalism in the West, Recognizing the 2011 United Kingdom riots as political protest: A theoretical framework based on agency, habitus and the preconscious, Les Lumires radicales. Hafez and Mullins (2015) suggest that grievance is the first of four elements in the radicalization puzzle, and McCauley and Moskalenko (2011) define political grievance as the second out of 12 mechanisms of political radicalization: individuals may move towards violent action in response to political trends or events (2011: 24). Most studies on politico-ideological violence (PIV) recognize the importance of socio-political and economic grievances, but they rarely analyse them in depth. Such methodologies expose researchers to the complexity of trajectories into and out of PIV, the realization of which may help foster critical reflexivity and nuanced analysis. Display of strong feelings about political, religious or other injustices or felt discrimination, whether perceived in the individual or the collective context, constitutes a high risk for the second item of the Violent Extremism Risk Assessment (VERA) tool (Sadowski et al., 2017: 3389). Finally, the securitizing and stigmatizing capacity of the label radical has been highlighted (Githens-Mazer and Lambert, 2010; Silva, 2018; Staun, 2010). Among the grievance-generating elements, a discussion of moral shocks (Jasper, 2011), injustice frames (Benford and Snow, 2000), collective identity (Hafez and Mullins, 2015; Ruggiero, 2005), collective memory (Marsella, 2004; Rydgren, 2007), sensitivity (Cohen, 2016; McCauley and Moskalenko, 2011) and emotions (Jasper, 2011; Petersen, 2002) imposes itself. If you are not sure how to manage your feelings of grief, there are some things that you can do that may help. For example, people often experience grief after a divorce or a job loss. (2016), Terrorism, radicalization and de-radicalization, Les dimensions motionnelles du terrorisme, Canadian Graduate Journal of Sociology and Criminology, Contradictions in the terrorist discourse and constraints on the political imagination of violence, The Culture of Control: Crime and Social Order in Contemporary Society, Politische Gewalt auf dem Balkan. Not only are we mourning the loss of thousands of lives, but we are also mourning the loss of normalcy, from seeing our co-workers to engaging in the mundane routines that we previously took for granted. Violent forms of geopolitical domination also fuel political grievances. Writing about your experiences as the pandemic unfolds may also be helpful. What should a collective grievance process look like? This inability to engage in traditions that support the grieving process can make it that much more difficult to cope. Content is reviewed before publication and upon substantial updates. Follow the contractual time limits at each step of the grievance procedure. Existing user? government site. You have a protected right to vigorously represent members. (2015), Flying while Muslim: Citizenship and misrecognition in the airport, Journal of Social and Political Psychology, Constructions of Terrorism: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Research and Policy, La fabrique de la radicalit Une sociologie des jeunes djihadistes franais, Radicalization into violent extremism II: A review of conceptual models and empirical research, Micro-mobilization into armed groups: Ideological, instrumental and solidaristic paths, Second-class: The grievances of Sunni officers in the Syrian armed forces, Buhaug H, Cederman LE, Gleditsch KS. 5 BJH H00333'23 (H-1) s_01394_04172023 1 implementation of a policy regarding discharge or discipline of an 2 employee, decisions concerning the discharge or discipline of an 3 individual employee, or the impact of those decisions on an 4 individual employee or the bargaining unit. On a final note, one should not forget that grievances remain potent drivers of social change. The unequal power relations in international affairs represented for example in global inaction in the face of Israels incursion into Lebanon in August 2006, or growing pressures on the Muslim diaspora reflected in the 2004 French law banning hijab from schools [a local grievance], are noted as evidence of a global conspiracy against Islam. This belief rests upon the idea that conflicts in Algeria, Chechnya, Albania, Kosovo, Bosnia, Iraq, Afghanistan, Libya, Syria and Yemen are not coincidental but conspirational and systematic and, to some, due to a perception of Islam, majority-Islamic countries and Muslims as the major threat after the demise of Soviet communism (Lakhani, 2014). Similarly, and much earlier, Bell argued that one of the unwritten requirements of writing on terrorism is that abhorrence must be stressed; on the other hand, if revolution be the subject, one can be either in favour or opposed (1977: 483). Importantly, zooming in on grievances allows for a transversal analysis of trajectories towards PIV, for grievances are present in all forms of PIV, whether left-wing, right-wing, jihadist, etc. A Grievance must clearly summarize the facts and the article of the collective agreement on which the Grievance is based, so as to be able to identify the problem at hand. This article is structured as follows. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. While you might not be able to gather together with others for support, you can connect virtually through Facetime or Zoom. For example, you would file a grievance if your supervisor . Fueling these vehicles also involves extracting oil from oil wells in the ground. Grievances related to significance loss would arise from harm suffered, and significance restoration would then equate to redressing the undeserved harm (Kruglanski et al., 2017: 2213). and action-generating factors (Why and how is action envisaged? No one should have to experience grief alone. The example of how the organization of the so-called Islamic State has been studied and analysed is telling. In these cases, incidental grievances provide a common focus around which to mobilize, which can replace the role of leadership and formal organization. Military interventions and occupations, such as those that took place in in the context of the Global War on Terror in Afghanistan and Iraq, and the large-scale civilian suffering they caused, are also major sources of globally inspired political grievance involved in the emergence of contemporary forms of PIV (Falk, 2017; Hafez and Mullins, 2015; Hamm, 2013; Mohamedou, 2018; Najeeb Shafiq and Sinno, 2010; Wilkinson, 1999). Grievances may not be precisely articulated to individuals experiencing them, as suggested by Akram (2014). [I]n the absence of geopolitical events involving the perceived victimization of Muslim populations and the violent responses that this elicited from groups like al-Qaeda, the [Dutch] Hofstadgroup would arguably not have existed or developed in the way it did. Such grievance must be dealt with at successive stages of the grievance procedure commencing with Step 1. But with effective policies and an open-door approach to management, you can help your employees when they have concerns. The person who is ill and their family and friends may experience a period of grief as they emotionally prepare for the inevitable death. I argue that this is symptomatic of a tendency of depoliticization in radicalization research in the post 9/11 context and suggest that the study of PIV may benefit from putting greater emphasis on the element of grievance. Ahmed Ajil, School of Criminal Justice, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, CH 1015, Switzerland. Globally, I suggest that the failure to properly engage with the element of grievance is symptomatic of a de-politicizing trend in research on PIV, befitting the new terrorism thesis (Laqueur, 2000) and cogently summarized by Mohamedou (2018: 20): The understanding of that violence of the savage has become boxed into a discussion on terrorism that strips it of its political nature and moves to discuss anthropologically the Muslim, Arab, Brown, Black, or Southern perpetrator and the scriptures of their nominal religion. Critical perspectives in criminology are all too familiar with the dangers of seeking out criminal types and constructing criminal others (Aas, 2007; Garland, 2001) but tend to be side-lined in the debate on PIV (Kundnani, 2012; Silva, 2018). When used as adjectives, collective means formed by gathering or collecting, whereas individual means relating to a single person or thing as opposed to more than one. Not all complaints are grievances. The notion itself has been named a catch-all concept, since definitions of radicalization usually encompass the vague and highly contested notions of radical and extreme (Bonelli and Carri, 2018; Ducol, 2013; Mandel, 2009; Schmid, 2013) and because it tends to create an amalgam between violent acts and radical opinions, which has led to worrisome attempts to criminalize thoughts and ideas (Pilkington and Acik, 2019; Taylor, 2018). This is, namely, how violent action tends to be perceived and justified by the perpetrators of violence themselves, namely as a violent reaction, or counter-violence, to some form of perceived or experienced injustice (see, for example, Hut, 2015). Appendix 4. If you want to offer support to someone who has experienced a loss, be sure to reach out however you can. First Raising an Issue: Stage One - Generally, the first stage involves the member raising a . Ahmad and Monaghan (2019) note that radicalization research and criminology tend to intersect mostly around positivistic and pragmatic theoretical concepts, while the sizable intellectual energy devoted to the field [radicalization] continues to abstain from more plural and reflexive theorization (2019: 16). 1.I define PIV as acts of violence committed in defence of a collective (not individual) cause, justified on political or ideological grounds and seen as inherently moral by the agents of violence themselves. Its important not to engage in a comparison of losses. Anticipatory grief is a type of grief that occurs before a loss, often after a person has a prolonged illness. For public employees 5 whose employment is regulated by 1937 (Ex Sess) PA 4, MCL 38.71 to By way of example, among the sources of globally oriented political grievance, the IsraeliPalestinian conflict figures prominently in the narrative repertoire of various movements, ranging from the Rote Armee Fraktion (Della Porta, 2013), the Brigate Rosse (Imarisio, 2003), the Irish Republican Army (Miller, 2010), Swiss far-left groups (Villiger, 2013), Black freedom struggles (Daulatzai, 2012), Latin American revolutions (Meari, 2018) and, of course, groups aligned with Islamist ideologies, from more moderate ones to so-called al-Qaeda and so-called Islamic State (Ahmed, 2005; Hegghammer and Wagemakers, 2013; Lakhani, 2014; Mohamedou, 2018). For contemporary forms of PIV, grievances are related to the perception that Islam as a religion and people associated with it are being discriminated against, stigmatized and labelled as dangerous (Dabashi, 2011; Githens-Mazer and Lambert, 2010; Lakhani, 2014). Not being able to perform these final rites can be yet another source of distress and loss. Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Mindfulness, journaling, visualization, and meditation may be helpful for managing some of the anxiety, stress, and anger that you may be feeling. Such tools elevate feelings and expressions of grievance to the level of, essentially, risky behaviour. Although grievance is acknowledged as a factor in the process of engaging in PIV and constructed as risk in tools that are used more and more widely by various actors within the criminal justice system, it remains poorly defined. In this paper, I have argued that an increased focus on grievances could be beneficial for the study of PIV and taken a first step towards a grievance-based analysis by proposing three ideal types of grievance that seem to be recurring when it comes to engagement in PIV. In its October 2020 response to the second annual Labour Market Enforcement strategy, the government accepted the recommendation to work with Acas to consider the issue of collective grievances and the implications of including guidance in the Code of Practice. I suggest that several reasons may go some way in elucidating why grievances have not been sufficiently engaged with in the study of PIV. 6. You may be experiencing what is known as complicated grief. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. Similarly, capitalism and the consequences that are associated with it, such as exploitative systems and a widening inequality gap, may also foster grievances (Trkmen, 2010; Villiger, 2017). Paragraph 47 of the Acas Code of Practice on disciplinary and grievance procedures describes a collective grievance as a grievance raised on behalf of two or more employees by a representative of a recognised trade union or other appropriate workplace representative. The potential far-reaching effects of the quantitatively and qualitatively different experience of grief on Black mental and physical health make this an all too . A sense of moral indignation about injustice and suffering is what drives the radicals who give everything to fight for a more just and equitable world. With a policy or union grievance, the union complains that a management action violates the agreement. The disruptions in the normal routines and rhythms of everyday life contribute to the lingering unease and sadness that we are all feeling. Login. the section of Practice Note: Acas disciplinary and grievance codeprocedural requirements entitled Grievance procedures, the section of Practice Note: Dealing with a grievance entitled Initial steps. Given the complexity of the role that grievances play in trajectories towards PIV due to the interplay between locally oriented and globally oriented grievances and the idiosyncratic nature of the processes through which these grievances become relevant on a personal level inductive research based on first-hand data collection, via, for example, in-depth interviews and ethnographic methods, could be the most appropriate. Grievances may also relate to a situation in the past. We might gather with friends and family to cry, share happy memories, and offer care and support to one another. The tool ERG22+ (Lloyd and Dean, 2015: 46) mentions the need to redress injustice and express grievance as the first item. No matter what type of loss you have experienced, it is important to remember that your feelings are valid and that you are not alone in this. In 1996 they established "Forum Structures" for different rank groups to address individual and collective grievances and complaints or suggestions to higher authorities. The potential of formal organizations to generate collective behavior is highlighted by coercive "total institutions," such as prisons and mental hospitals, where persons are held against their will, and where their lives are highly regimented. Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. An individual grievance occurs when one employee has a grievance related to their working situation. As he puts it, with reference to the so-called Islamic State, Return to sender is in effect the motto of the violence counter-produced, remixed and shipped back by ISIS to the imperial centres (2018: 2). Even if you have not personally experienced a death related to the pandemic, don't dismiss what you are feeling. Investigate and help the member with the grievance. 5.For example, Sommier (2002: 475): Conventional and unconventional forms of war therefore tend to resemble each other, so that it is now wrong to distinguish terrorism from state warfare by saying that it [terrorism] ignores the laws and conventions of war, attacks civilians and is always indiscriminate and arbitrary. This condition occurs in about 7% of people who are grieving and is marked by an inability to think of anything but the loss, excessive avoidance of any reminders, or even thoughts of suicide or self-harm. Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist and international bestselling author. The Acas Code of Practice on Disciplinary and Grievance Procedures simplified the much criticised Statutory Dispute Procedures. The coronavirus pandemic is causing people to grapple with multiple types of grief, including anticipatory grief as well as grief after an unexpected death of a loved one. Canada. Trial includes one question to LexisAsk during the length of the trial. The collective bargaining agreement defines a "grievance" as any claim or dispute between the employee and the union or between an employee and the employer that involves interpretation,. The site is secure. I conclude with a few methodological reflections and potential implications for policymaking. One would therefore be utterly mistaken to consider grievances as inherently negative because of the role they play in various forms of politico-ideological violence. Try to remember that grief is personal and everyone experiences it differently. Accessibility Weddings, concerts, meetings, travels plans, school events, and more have been canceled in the wake of the virus. Individual grievances are raised by a single member of staff. (2010), The Iraq Effect: The Middle East after the Iraq War, Islamic Activism: A Social Movement Theory Approach. Paying attention to your efforts and strengths may help you feel more resilient and capable in the face of emotional upheaval. Some of the grief and anxiety you might be feeling is caused by losses that seem ambiguous or too large to think about. A VCT is a company (not a trust), approved by HMRC, whose shares are admitted, International guides on executive compensation & employee benefits, TUPE, outsourcing, share and asset purchases, International Sales(Includes Middle East). Loss of safety. If you are grieving, make it a habit to reach out to your loved ones each day. The shock and disbelief that follow an unexpected death are often followed by a sense of numbness. Also, a focus on religious, cultural or ethnic and psycho-pathological factors has led to a masking of the political (Burgat, 2016; McEvoy, 2003; Sedgwick, 2010). (2014), Square pegs in round holes: Inequalities, grievances, and civil war, Comprendre lislam politique: Une trajectoire de recherche sur laltrit islamiste, 19732016, The structural root causes of non-suicide terrorism: A systematic scoping review, Carlsson C, Rostami A, Mondani H, Sturup J, Sarnecki J, Edling C. (2019), A life-course analysis of engagement in violent extremist groups, Necessity, political violence and terrorism, Mapping the minds of suicide bombers using linguistic methods: The corpus of Palestinian suicide bombers farewell letters (CoPSBFL), Da Silva R, Fernndez-Navarro P, Gonalves MM, Rosa C, Silva J. To others, grievance leads to violence once its peaceful expressions face repression (for example, Della Porta, 2013). All grievances, collective and individual, should be brought to the attention of Human Resources within three months of the incident occurring. Nowadays, they include foreign occupations and invasions, as well as systematic and large-scale violence and persecution of minorities within countries or regions (Burgat, 2016; Mohamedou, 2018). slowdowns, work-to-rule, etc.) Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Her TEDx talk, "The Secret of Becoming Mentally Strong," is one of the most viewed talks of all time. We all experience grief at some point in our lives. New Zealand. How you deal with what you are feeling can depend on a wide variety of factors including your overall resilience and social support systems. Frequently cited models on radicalization tend to locate the importance of grievances within the early stages of the radicalization process: Borum (2011), for instance, argues that the four-stage process towards justification and perpetration of violence (originally developed as a training heuristic for law enforcement) begins with some unsatisfying event or condition being perceived as unjust. Grief can be an isolating experience under normal circumstances, but social distancing and quarantine have made the process lonelier still. Grievances are usually described as 'individual' when only one worker is involved and 'collective' when a group of workers all believe they are suffering from the same breach of the rules. Second, grievances can be used by the perpetrators of PIV as excuses or justifications for their actions. See Ajil (2019). Individual Grievance - one person grieves that a management action has violated their rights, such as an unjust discipline or denial of earned overtime. Now, one will of course be tempted to ask how to pursue a grievance-based analysis in methodological terms. For a sound investigation of PIV, I believe that it is crucial to keep an eye on the different types of grievances and their local and global sources of inspiration. Such links are difficult to grasp if analysis remains confined to one specific level. It is particularly important to reach out to a professional if you are having trouble coping. I propose that proper engagement with the role that grievances play in various forms of PIV may present a fruitful avenue to counterbalance some of this trend. The authors also distinguish between individual and collective grievance: individual (or personal) grievance results from harm to self or loved ones (McCauley and Moskalenko, 2011: 13) and collective (or group) grievance from a threat or harm to a group or cause the individual cares about (2011: 21). Where an employee raises a complaint in relation to his/her employment. Schuurman, Bakker and Eijkman (2018: 107) also found that. Feelings of anger, regret, sadness, and depression are also common. When dealing with a highly contagious illness, the bereaved are often deprived of this important step. Step 1: Understanding the options. Rebellion or insurgency would then become tantamount to common profit-driven criminality (Collier, 2000; Grossman, 1999). Ireland. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Modern bereavement: a model for complicated grief in the digital age. Such motivational spill-over effects of conflicts have been dubbed the Palestine effect (Hegghammer and Wagemakers, 2013) or the Iraq effect (Nesser, 2006; Wehrey et al., 2010). On the global level, grievances may be related to the negative repercussions of trends such as globalization and modernization. Before the contents by NLM or the National Institutes of Health. Others similarly argue that the figure of the Muslim has, since the end of the 15th century, been the major archetypal Other, against which the idea of a West started to cohere around concepts of Whiteness and Christianity, and that European expansion and colonialism have to be understood through that lens (Daulatzai, 2012: 8). If an employee has a 'grievance' (problem) at work it's usually a good idea for them to raise it informally first. Constructing the expression of grievance as risky behaviour (Hamm, 2013) is likely to hamper socio-political integration and the participation of concerned groups who will feel observed, scrutinized and problematized (Jarvis and Lister, 2013; Taylor, 2018). FOIA Keep in mind that a grievance can be real or imaginary, and employees. Perspect Psychol Sci. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. 7.Interesting examples are Hicham Bou Nassifs study of Sunni officers grievances (see Bou Nassif, 2015), Romain Huts ethnography of Syrian fighters (Hut, 2015), and Carlsson and colleagues study of violent extremism in Sweden (Carlsson et al., 2019). Research suggests that while such groups can be helpful at times, it is fairly common for people to become overwhelmed by too much information or even distressed by the emotions of others. It is important to remember that grief is a normal reaction to a loss. I argue that academic and public reticence to properly engage with the element of grievance involved in various forms of PIV is symptomatic of a de-politicizing trend characterizing research on PIV, including within the field of criminology. Mohamedou argues that the overwhelmingly reductionist and sensationalist mainstream journalistic approach and policy-oriented security expertise has led to a focus on the groups extreme violence and its alienating discourse and thereby prevented deeper examination of the political and social conditions behind its rise (2018: 2). Definitions A collective grievance occurs when a group of employees have a shared grievance related to their employment situation. It also allows for the comparison of both state and non-state actors across various sociocultural and historical contexts. (2017), Das Violent Extremism Risk Assessment Version 2 Revised (VERA-2R): eine Skala zur Beurteilung des Risikos extremistischer Gewalt; Deutsche bersetzung, Leaderless Jihad: Terror Networks in the Twenty-First Century, Legal cynicism and (subcultural) tolerance of deviance: The neighborhood context of racial difference, Radicalisation, de-radicalisation, counter-radicalisation: A conceptual discussion and literature review, Structural influences on involvement in European homegrown jihadism: A case study, The concept of radicalization as a source of confusion, The road less travelled: Recent trends in terrorism research, Radicalisation: The journey of a concept, revisited, Revue internationale des sciences sociales, When, how and why elites frame terrorists: A Wittgensteinian analysis of terror and radicalisation, In the Name of God. Giving yourself time to feel without rushing through the process allows you to work through the pain of loss. Haggerty and Bucerius (2018), for instance, found that political grievance is used to mobilize both conventional soldiers and non-state actors engaged in PIV.